Anna Pavlova

Dates: January 31 (February 12 in the new calendar), 1881 - January 23, 1931 Occupation: dancer, Russian ballerinaKnown for: Anna Pavlova is especially remembered for her portrayal of a swan, in The Dying Swan.Also known as: Anna Matveyevna Pavlova or Anna Pavlovna Pavlova Anna Pavlova Biography: Anna Pavlova, born in Russia in 1881, was the daughter of a laundry-woman. Her father may have been a young Jewish soldier and businessman; she took the last name of her mothers later husband who likely adopted her when she was about three years old. When she saw The Sleeping Beauty performed, Anna Pavlova decided to become a dancer, and entered the Imperial Ballet School at ten. She worked very hard there, and on graduation began to perform at the Maryinsky (or Mariinsky) Theatre, debuting on September 19, 1899. In 1907, Anna Pavlova began her first tour, to Moscow, and by 1910 was appearing at the Metropolitan Opera House in America. She settled in England in 1912. When, in 1914, she was traveling through Germany on her way to England when Germany declared war on Russia, her connection to Russia was for all intents broken. For the rest of her life, Anna Pavlova toured the world with her own company and kept a home in London, where her exotic pets were constant company when she was there. Victor Dandrà ©, her manager, was also her companion, and may have been her husband; she herself distracted from clear answers on that. While her contemporary, Isadora Duncan, introduced revolutionary innovations to dance, Anna Pavlova remained largely committed to the classic style. She was known for her daintiness, frailness, lightness and both wittiness and pathos. Her last world tour was in 1928-29 and her last performance in England in 1930. Anna Pavlova appeared in a few silent films: one, The Immortal Swan, she shot in 1924 but it was not shown until after her death -- it originally toured theaters in 1935-1936 in special showings, then was released more generally in 1956. Anna Pavlova died of pleurisy in the Netherlands in 1931, having refused to have surgery, reportedly declaring, If I cant dance then Id rather be dead. Print Bibliography - Biographies and Dance Histories: Algeranoff. My Years With Pavlova. 1957.Beaumont, Cyril. Anna Pavlova. 1932.Dandrà ©, Victor. Anna Pavlova in Art and Life. 1932.Fonteyn, Margo. Pavlova: Repertoire of a Legend. 1980.Franks, A. H., editor. Pavlova: A Biography. 1956.Kerensky, Oleg. Anna Pavlova. London, 1973.Gaevsky, Vadim. The Russian Ballet - A Russian World: Russian Ballet from Anna Pavlova to Rudolf Nureyev. 1997.Krasovskaya, Vera. Anna Pavlova. 1964.Krasovskaya, Vera. Russian Ballet Theatre at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century vol. 2. 1972.Money, Keith. Anna Pavlova: Her Life and Art. 1982.Lazzarini, John and Roberta. Pavlova. 1980.Magriel, Paul. Pavlova. 1947.Valerian, Svetlov. Anna Pavlova. London, 1930.International Dictionary of Ballet. 1993. Includes an inclusive list of her roles and a more complete bibliography. Print Bibliography - Childrens Books: Anna Pavlova. I Dreamed I Was a Ballerina. Illustrated by Edgar Degas. Ages 4-8.Allman, Barbara. Dance of the Swan: A Story About Anna Pavlova (A Creative Minds Biography). Illustrated by Shelly O. Haas. Ages 4-8.Levine, Ellen. Anna Pavlova: Genius of the Dance. 1995.

Analysis Of The Movie The Seller - 967 Words

Although CBS and Hank may have breached their fiduciary duty to Oliver as real estate agent, there is no evidence or written agreement explaining to prove who may be speaking the truth. Oliver, the seller, had the option to not follow through the contract if he had felt uncomfortable and shaky about the deal. Oliver was aware of the Ziffels’ financial risks and acknowledged the fact that their first loan application was denied and that their offer was lower than asking price. On the other hand, Oliver complains for Hank’s deceptive statement for untruthfully explaining the Ziffels’ financial position, and for calling the Washington Heights apartment complex when instructed to not do so. In brief, there is no written statement justifying their claims and discussion, while Oliver was attentive of the Ziffels’ loan status and continued working with Hank. Hank and CBS may argue that they had fulfilled the seller’s best interest by finding a â€Å"ready, willing, and able† buyer. According to Professor Murray, fiduciary duty is between the listing broker and the seller, while keeping the seller’s interest as the primary goal. The agreement between the seller and the broker was signed under an exclusive right to sell contract, which guarantees the broker’s commission payment if a â€Å"ready, willing, and able† buyer was found. In other words, the exclusive right to sell agreement protects the broker’s commission regardless of who finds the buyer, unless the fiduciary duty has beenShow MoreRelatedLegal Analysis Of Lee P. Cao And Louann P1053 Words   |  5 PagesLegal Analysis Lee P. Cao and Louann P. Cao, v. Huan Nguyen and Nega Pham (1) A representation of fact was made; Through the duplex case, we found a couple responding to an advertisement in which they had seen, which dealt with the sale of a living space. 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Consumer Dynamics Environment on Organizational Performance

Question: 1. To review literature on relationship between advertisement and consumer buying behaviour. 2. To provide overview of the beverage industry in Nigeria. 3. To assess consumer buying behaviour in Nigeria beverage industry - how they sell ? Which beverage companies are the leader. 4. To determine which advertising channels that are most effective for Influencing consumer buying behaviour. Answer: Introduction Advertising is a form of paid mass communication for brand building. It is the persuasive communication, which makes perception on the mind of consumers regarding products or services. Advertisement emotionally motivates consumers to purchase a product. Markets are to customize their message in advertisement for matching it with different consumers needs (Nwagbara and Umor 2012). The study will highlight the effects of advertisement on consumer buying behavior of the beverage industry in Nigeria. In order to analyze the overall matter, firstly, a relationship between advertisement and consumer buying behavior will be drawn in this study. Secondly, the study will give the overview of the beverage Industry in Nigeria. Next, the study will assess the consumer buying behavior of Nigeria Beverage Industry and demonstrate the way organizations sell their products (Akpan, Akpan and Obukoadata 2013). On the other hand, some of the most impactful advertising channels will also be analyzed in this study. Relationship between advertisement and consumer buying behavior Advertising is an attempt of creating an influence on consumers mind to persuade them in buying a product. It creates a change in consumers mind through stimulating an action towards product purchase. It also makes a perception about products on the mind of consumers. According to Oladepo and Abimbola (2013), the appeal of advertisement can act as suppliers, which arouse the psychological motive of consumers to buy products. Advertising involves two kinds of appeals. One is rational appeal and another is emotional appeal. Rational appeal of product is associated with the benefits it provide and the problem that can be solved by it. On the other hand, emotional appeal of product is associated with emotional, psychological and social requirements of consumers. On the other hand, Oke et al. (2016) opined that advertising is a form of paid non-personal communication process, through which organizations become able to convey the rationality of their products. It is designed to create basi c awareness of the products on the mind of consumers and build up knowledge regarding products. According to Gorondutse, Hilman and Nasidi (2014), advertising is the way to communicate with the consumers. Culture is highly influential in shaping consumers buying behavior, as the wants and trends of the customers vary in accordance with their lifestyle. Therefore, every marketer is to understand the buying behavior of the consumers to design advertisements in getting desired impact. Advertisements are created to create an image on the mind of consumers. Therefore, it should be catchy and covey right message to right person. The consumers in Nigeria are more likely seek benefit from the products before its ultimate purchasing in term of cost (Oyeniyi 2014). Therefore, every company conveys a customized message in their advertising, which can meet the consumer needs. Understanding the wants of consumers is extremely important for customizing the advertisement to the right consumers. On the other hand, Okafor and George (2016) opined that understanding the needs of consumers in hig hly essential for demonstrating what they like. Advertising should be designed in such a way that consumer can find out what they expect from the products. In this way, advertising and consumer buying behavior is related. According to Ayuba (2014), advertising is the most important tool to motivate the consumers emotionally towards purchasing products. There is a strong linkage between advertisement and entertainment and the proliferation of media has blurred the distinctive line between these two. The most theory of advertising is attitude-towards-ad, which defines that attitude of consumers towards ads ultimately influence the attitude of consumers towards the products until their purchase intension (Adebiyi, Olateju Oyatoye and Amole 2013). According to Agwu et al. (2014), advertising can be like magic, which can actually change the wants and needs of consumers. It can sometimes create the needs. As, new generation consumers are highly influenced by commercial advertisement, mass media advertising are best for them. Nigerian organizations are more like to convey their advertising through TV advertising, as it is the most effective way to reach mass customers in short time. On the hand, Social media advertising is also a great medium to convey message to new generation consumers in Nigeria. Ayuba (2014) suggested that advertisement creates cognition, which shapes the behavior of consumer in their buying decision. Cognition is the perception of buyers towards the message conveyed through advertisement. Consumers observe cognition through their perception, memory, attention and sense. Advertising offers new function for the consumers. Consumers see the ads and become aware of the product fact without any approval. It crates product awareness among the consumers. It crates curiosity among the consumers regarding the products. Consumers demonstrate rational approach to the advertisement, when it shows all logical listing of offering through the products (Michael and Ogwo 2013). In this case, consumers show an intellection response rather than emotional response. After seeing ads, while consumers weigh the benefits, they become emotionally attached with the promotional advertisement. Consumers realize whether the product or service would make them happy or not. They understand the level of pleasure coming out of the product or service. This is an irrational consumer response. It lead the consumers to make a decision regarding buying the product and competitive to obtain it. Repeated advertising have a strong connection with consumer buying behavior. Repetitive advert ising act as reminder to the consumers while shopping. It stems out from suddenly thinking of the products during shopping and taking purchasing decision (Owolabi 2015). Buying behavior of consumers also splits between the loyalty and alienation depending on the effectiveness of the product as per its advertising. Overview of Beverage industry in Nigeria It has been forecasted that Nigerian Beverage industry will be on upward trend throughout 2017 by being backed up with healthy economy and high disposable income (Duru, Ekwe and Okpe 2014). Growing population and urbanization present the opportunity for this industry as a whole. These opportunities are matched with technological innovation of organizations and heightened marketing activities towards target audience. Improvement of purchasing power from the year of 1999 has affected a lot to the industry. Humid and hot weather of Nigeria has boosted up the business of soft drinks organizations. Support from Government has also boosted up operation of beverage industry. In order to nurture countrys export, Nigerian Government has reimbursed 40% of export value for beverage products upon its proof and application of exports (Kareem, Oke and Lawal 2013). It has encouraged the various local producers to improve their product and packaging quality for matching with international standard. For strengthening the beverage industry further, Nigeria hosted 1st international trade show on Beverage Packaging Technology in the year 2015 (Akintelu, Irefin and Akarakiri 2016). Food and beverage is the largest sector within the industries by representing 22.5% of manufacturing industry and 66% of total consumer expenditure (Adeoye and Elegunde 2012). The aggregate output from beverage industry to the countrys economy is estimated as $ 20.55 billion. It is equivalent of 4.6% of total gross domestic product (GDP) of the country (Akintelu, Irefin and Akarakiri 2016). Figure 1: Consumer Expenditure on Beverage Products (Source: Akinbola, Ogunnaike and Ojo 2013) The above chart demonstrates that the consumer expenditure of beverage products has been increased from 2012 to 2015. It has been found that in 2012, beverage sector has generated of $89.8 billion total consumer expenditure. However, in 2015, this sector has generated $100.49 billion, which is quite higher than in 2012. This statistic clearly demonstrates that beverage industries are customizing their product line and increasing their total sales. It demonstrates 16.4% growth after Nigerian GDP rebasing (Akinbola, Ogunnaike and Ojo 2013). According to Akinbola, Ogunnaike and Ojo (2013), bulk of companies in this sector, which is 85%, are small and medium scale organization. These small and medium scale beverage companies absorb only 10% of total sales. On the other hand, Dauda and Ismaila (2013) opined that FB market players has sales of up to 90% and makes 15% of total suppliers (Michael and Ogwo 2013). Among different manufacturing industries, beverage industry has have generated 1.5 million jobs in Nigeria. It has employed 5% total workforce within Nigeria (Ayuba 2014). The largest sector within Beverage industry is carbonate sector in terms of volume. In 2005, it led beverage market in volume terms and accounted of 49% of total soft drink sales (Gorondutse, Hilman and Nasidi 2014). Carbonates are the most popular among all Nigerians, especially within young generation. Many Nigerian even buy 2 to 8 bottles of each day and they are completely unaware of its effects on health. It is most dynamic sector within the industry in regards to sales volume, which is at a rate of 46% (Oyeniyi 2014). Lack of running tap water in most of the cities has benefited bottled water company a lot. In 2006, bottled water had chosen to be the largest sector after carbonates in term of volume. There is a increasing tough competition among Nigerian soft drink market. Many new players in beverage industry like CWAY Food Beverages Co Nig Ltd and Classic Beverages Nigeria Ltd has secured the market share and changed the market dynamic through changing products (Michael and Ogwo 2013). Product diversification is one of the most notable trends within bottled water sectors. For instance, Coca-Cola has already the Fanta brand with three different flavors and the coke having two different flavors. Bottling sectors has 86% of total market share with production of 1.1 billion liters bottles. It make a total revenue of over N128 billions representing 1% of nominal GDP (Akpan, Akpan and Obukoadata 2013). Dairy, baked and chilled foods are also some prime category of food sector. There is a fast growing trend of food purchase among Nigerian middle class people. Therefore, this sector is continued to be uptick. Fast food sector of Nigeria is highly benefited from industry regulation. The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control ensures that all the food and beverages production, exports and sold in Nigeria are as per the food standard (Dauda and Ismaila 2013). Consumer buying behavior in Nigeria Beverage Industry and selling strategy Consumer buying behavior is the sum of consumers attitudes, intentions, preferences, and decision towards purchasing a product. Consumers search for, select, utilize and dispose products towards satisfying their needs through this process. Consumer behavior among Nigerians in beverage industry has been revealed as their interest in unique products. According to (Akinbola, Ogunnaike and Ojo 2013), 60% of total new generation people in Nigeria have huge access to internet. Therefore, they have great tendency to search about new product features. Thus, these kinds of consumers are more inclined to shift towards new brand than their familiar brand. For this reason, many of the local beverage companies like Mr Bigg's and Tantalizers are lagging behind in their sales growth, whereas the new products of KFC are getting priority over them (Oyeniyi 2014). Most of the typical Nigerian consumers like to stand out and keep their trends towards buying products at fair and affordable price. Therefore, beverage companies are to set their price at most affordable price. On the other hand, in case of new market entrants in beverage industry, companies are to use price penetration strategy to grab the market. In this strategy, new beverage organizations keep their price low to reach out mass customers in Nigerian market. Most of the Nigerians are attracted to the products, which look good at their appearance. Therefore, the companies like Seven-Up Bottling Company Plc and Promasidor Nigeria Limited has more inclined to make attractive packaging for their products (Oladepo and Abimbola 2013). Nigerians are becoming more health conscious and more likely to have foods, which are hygienic and having low fat. Therefore, the dairy firms are very conscious about this thing when offering products to consumers. They are aware of the fact that consumers will buy their products only when it will meet their needs. Therefore, it has been found that the company like Coca-Cola has launched new diet cola (Hassan, Amos and Abubakar 2014). On the other hand, Shagalinku Yoghurt has reduced the fat level in their dairy products (Michael and Ogwo 2013). It has increased their customer volume. Apart from that, dairy products in Nigeria are mostly bought buy mother groups for their children. Therefore, the dairy firms of this country are more like to target mother groups as their customers and customized products as per their needs. On the other hand, consumers in Nigeria are showing more interest in health drinks. It has been found that 50% of total adult consumers buy 35-40 bottles of health drink each in a month (Gorondutse, Hilman and Nasidi 2014). Keeping this thing in mind, many soft drink companies like 7-Up Bottling Co. Plc and Acreage Integrated Food Co. Ltd has launched their new fruit drinks apart from their other soft drinks (Ayuba 2014). It has been found that the consumers of Nigeria are mostly affected by word of mouth message. Whenever, they go to buy beverage product, they always asked to their relatives, who have used this product previously. Therefore, word-of-mouth is a great way of advertising for the Nigerian Beverage Companies. The companies always try to increase referrals through their repeated customers, as it enhances their business growth and reputation (Agwu et al. 2014). In order to increase referrals, beverage companies encourage their existing consumers to suggest their friend reg arding the products. While encouraging customers in suggesting their friends, the companies offers discount to the existing customers. Leader Companies in Beverage industry in Nigeria Some of the leading Beverage Companies are explained in the below: adbury Nigeria Plc Cadbury Nigeria is involved in manufacturing and marketing of cocoa-based products, confectionaries and beverages. It is the member company of Cadbury Schweppes Plc, which is a popular global confectionery and beverage organization. Cadbury Nigeria has become able to be a household name with all loved brands. It has revenue of N35.7b in 2013 (ng.mondelezinternational.com 2016). The company has fist launched Cadbury Bournvita in 1965, which is the first food manufactured in Nigeria. From 2013, the company has remained the market leader in Beverage Industry. The company has expanded its product portfolio in 2012 and launched new product Tang. It is the global leader in powdered beverage. The company had been listed in Nigerian Stock exchange in 1976 (Hassan, Amos and Abubakar 2014). It became the top 10 among 258 quoted equities by market capitalization. Coca-Cola Nigeria A refreshing wave of The Coca-Cola Company has been arrived at Nigeria from US in 1951 and it has remained the most popular soft drink band among the consumers. It was named as Coca Cola Nigeria. The company operates 13 bottling plants and channel products through 59 distribution centers and warehouses. The company has employed more than 4800 people in their operation. The company actually produces, sells and distributes products, which are trademark products of The Coca Cola Company. The leading brands of this company are Coca Cola, Fanta, Coca Cola Light and sprite. However, they also produce some local brands like Five Alive, Eva, Limca and Schweppes. The company has bought 40% stake from a juice company Nigeria namely Chi (Nigerianbottlingcompanyltd.com 2016). The intension behind this stake purchase was to be in the frontier of market. This drink giant has almost 145 bottling and huge manufacturing opportunity in Africa. In order to bring a high economic growth and expanded cons umer class, the company has announced an investment of $17bnin the continent within the year of 2010 to 2020 (Akinbola, Ogunnaike and Ojo 2013). Chicken Republic Being Established at 2004, Chicken republic has become the most ambitious and world class modern fast food brand in Nigeria. The company has opened up over 65 stores in Ghana and Nigeria. It is the second largest quick service restaurant in Nigeria. The simple taste more philosophy of this company has make them different from other fast food organization through increasing their food quality. The customers can get all unique taste of chicken and sides, especially in case of fried chicken. Most of the foods of this company look like KFC brand. The company has signed up $ 20 million investment for dealing with International Food Corporation (Chicken-republic.com 2016). This investment is to improve the safety and corporate standard of the company and expand in Ghana. Seven-Up bottling company Plc The Seven-Up bottling company Plcis the largest and self-regulating manufacturing and distributing company of well-known soft drink brands. It has 9 manufacturing brand and the brands include 7 UP, Pepsi, Mountain Dew and Teem. The market its products through 200 distribution centers. The customers get the feeling of goodwill and freshness through the soft drinks it produces. Financial performance of the company has remained impressive. The turnover of the company has been increased to N 27.309 billion in 2007 from N 22.072 billion in 2006 (Sevenup.org 2016). The company is quite able to grow its sales by 24% and profit by 15% in each year (Sevenup.org 2016). Effective channels to influence consumers buying behavior Mass Media Channels Digital Advertising Anyasor (2016) pointed out that in Nigeria the usage of internet has increased 48% in the last four years. 51% of the population has the access to internet, as recorded in 2015. This indicates that consumer-buying behavior can be largely influenced by digital advertisement. On the other hand, Rasheed, Olanipekun, and Sydney (2015) added that in entire Africa, Nigeria is the only country that is growing rapidly with three-digit rate of growth in terms of mobile consumption. Therefore, it can be said that digital advertising through social networking sites, Google and through mobile platforms will be highly effective. Traditional Advertising At present, 41% of the Nigerian population depends on entertainment through television and radio (Kehinde et al. 2016). However, newspaper also serves as the medium for enriching ideas among citizen. Thus, as the target market of the beverage companies will be all middle class consumers, hence advertisement has to engulf television, radio and newspapers. Michael, Binta, and Oladayo (2014) pointed out that latest reality shows and television programs in Nigerian local and national channels are imposing a huge demand on the sponsors. Thus, it is the opportunity for Nigerian beverage companies to enhance buying behavior of consumers through traditional advertisement. Personal Advertisement Personal Selling Rasheed, Olanipekun and Sydney (2015) pointed out that personal selling channel is the best medium for understanding the consumer buying behavior. This helps in directly communicating with the target audience and influence sales. On the other hand, Nwankwo et al. (2013) pointed out through personal selling huge amount of audience cannot be reached as personal communication is extremely time consuming. Therefore, it can be said that email-advertisement channel would be better in Nigeria. Thus, finally, it can be said that beverage companies will be able to taste their samples through personal selling and reach out selective target audience through email-advertisement. Advertisement Campaign Small group of consumers can be reached out through advertisement campaigns (Michael, Binta and Oladayo, 2014). Beverage companies have to select certain locations that have huge concentration of consumers. Small events have to be set up so that attraction of consumers can be enhanced. Such activities will lead to effective advertisement strategies and allocate consumers from several parts of Nigeria. From the above discussion, it can be said that advertisement channels consisting both mass media and personal selling will be necessary. In either of the channels, the main motive will be to engage middle class consumers. Digital advertisement will be less cost effective than traditional advertisement. Sponsorships and advertisements in televisions will be much cost effective, but organizations will have to establish their position in the market by understanding the consumer buying behavior. Figure 2: Effective Advertisement Channels for Nigerian Beverage Companies (Source: Created by Author) Conclusion While concluding the study, it can be said that advertisement is an attempt to create perception of consumers mind regarding the product or service. The intention behind every advertisement is to persuade the consumers in towards purchasing a product or service. Advertisement is the paid form of communication process through which marketers convey their product rationality. Wants and needs of consumers vary from one culture to other. Therefore, the marketers are to customize their advertisement and ensure that right message has been conveyed to right person. It can be found that Nigerians are mostly price oriented and they seek benefits of the products before its purchase. The beverage organizations have understood such consumer buying behaviour of Nigerians. Thus, they have customized their advertisement message as per the consumers needs. On the other hand, it has also been seen that Nigerian consumers are mostly affected through commercial ads on TV. Therefore, companies, in this country mostly use TV advertisement for reaching out mass customers in lowest possible time. The companies within beverage industry are encouraged to expand their market by getting 40% reimbursement on exporting value. The industry contributes an estimated $ 20.55 Billion to the economy of Nigeria. Soft drink sector is the largest among this industry. Some of the market leaders of this industry are Coca Cola Nigeria, Cadbury Nigeria and Chicken Republic. Reference List Adebiyi, S.O., Olateju Oyatoye, E. and Amole, B.B., 2013. An application of conjoint analysis to consumer preference for beverage products in Nigeria.Acta Universitatis Danubius. conomica,9(6). Adeoye, A.O. and Elegunde, A.F., 2012. Impact of External Business Environment on Organizational Performance on Food and Beverage Industry in Nigeria.British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences,6(2), pp.56-65. Agwu, M.E., Ikpefan, O.A., Atuma, O. and Achugamonu, B.U., 2014. Conceptual Review of the Effects of Advertising on Consumer Buying Behaviour.International Review of Social Sciences,2(11), pp.502-518. Akinbola, O.A., Ogunnaike, O.O. and Ojo, O.A., 2013. Enterprise Outsourcing Strategies and Marketing Performance of Fast Food Industry in Lagos State, Nigeria.Global Journal of Business, Management and Accounting,3(1), pp.22-33. Akintelu, S.O., Irefin, I.A. and Akarakiri, J.B., 2016. Factors Affecting the Adoption of Ict on Project Planning in the Nigerian Food and Beverage Industry.Journal of Management and Sustainability,6(1), p.163. 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Commonkads Methodology free essay sample

1. Introduction In this report we have modelled a knowledge management system using CommonKADS methodology and conducted a social analysis of the proposed knowledge management system. We have applied the common KADS methodology to analyze a Virtual Organization established between Small Scale Machinery (SSM) enterprises and Die Cast limited (DCL). We further looked at improving this virtual organization with the help of a Knowledge Management system. We have analyzed Virtual Organization from an Organization Model, Task Model and Agent Model perspective. We have used the various Organizational Model worksheets (OMI, OM2, OM3 and OM4), Task Analysis Worksheet TM 1, Knowledge Item Worksheet TM 2, and Agent Worksheet AM 1 to conduct this analysis. In addition we have also conducted social analysis to identify the problems that may arise or opportunities that we can identify in the virtual organization by applying the various social theories related to KM Systems. We also looked at the technical and managerial issues surrounding Virtual Organizations and the strategies and best practices needed to ensure a successful implementation of an automated process within the virtual organization with help ofa KM system. 2. Background on Virtual Organization Now-a-days, more and more organizations are looking at concept of Virtual organizations to address critical resources, personnel and logistical issues. A Virtual organization is a flexible network of independent entities linked by information technology to share skills, knowledge and access to others expertise in non- traditional ways. Its a form of cooperation involving companies, institutions and/or individuals delivering a product or a service on the basis of a common business understanding. The different entities participate in the collaboration and present hemselves as a unified organization. Virtual organizations do not need to have all of the people, or sometimes any of the people, in one place to deliver their service. The organization exists but you cannot see it. It is a network, as in the case of SSM and DCL and one of them act as a supplier of key products and resources to the other. Some of the attributes of Virtual Organizations (VO) include: A dispersed network of skills and capabilities The structure ofa VO is distributed among multiple locations resulting in the capacity of bringing in a wider pool of skills and capabilities. The use of telecommunications and computing technologiesThese technologies serve as the enabler that makes a VO exist. Technology makes it much easier to support distributed work teams. Barriers of distance and time can be overcome by technology to improve performance and efficiency. limited (DCL) In the current set up, SSM expects DCL to produce finished or near-finished parts for its small machinery business. It is anticipated that a closer partnership be developed through the virtual organization concepts which will enable improved information and knowledge transfer to better coordinate the manufacture of die aste products by DCL for SSM. For issue resolution, they use two paper-based systems: Process Concern Reports (PCR) and Eight Discipline (8D) reports. These systems are used for reporting foundry problems to a DCL liaison officer whose primary task is to negotiate changes to product design by alerting SSM to the problem and faxing proposed changes to the final component design. When a problem with a part is reported either by SSM or from within DCL, a new PCR is raised. The form records all the information concerning the problem, customer details, the actions to be taken to resolve the roblem, and a list of personnel carrying out the recommended actions. The form is then circulated to the concerned personnel in DCL whose name is on the form, the actions are carried out, and the PCR is closed once the problem is resolved. Once the PCR is closed, the entire PCR is saved and filled for future reference. This system adopted by DCL is valuable as it keeps records of the entire foundrys troubleshooting experience but this knowledge is normally not shared with SSM. As this type of process required large quantity of paper work, it become almost impossible to search and retrieve records while troubleshooting similar cases. Also the ordering and invoicing of work between the two companies was done by a paper based system. Though the current system operates as a Virtual Organization between SSM and DCL, there are deficiencies in the system. An efficient Virtual Organization can be set up by implementing a KM system to handle the issue resolution. SSM provides the designs to DCL and the DCL team produces the components via Gravity Die Casting or Pressure Die Casting, after applying a number of techniques such as Lathing, Drilling, Painting etc and quality control. Under the modified system, the technical team identifies any product design/quality issue and ills the required PCR details into the KM System, which alerts the Liaison Officer and the SSM Designers. The Designers log into the KM System and provides a resolution. The Liaison officer enters this as a PCR resolution and circulates to all the technical staff involved. Sometimes he/she will have to access DCLs order processing system to get more information related to this order and the people involved with the work. After the modification is done and PCR is closed, the Liaison officer archives this information into the KM System for future reference. 4. Knowledge Management using CommonKADS CommonKADS is a methodology that brings together the functions of Knowledge Management and Knowledge Engineering. CommonKADS offers tools to support the organization, be it a Multinational Company or Virtual Organization. 4. 1 for OMI Organization Model Problem and Opportunities Worksheet OMI Worksheet Problem Opportunities Problem: Lack of information and knowledge transfer between DCL and SSM and difficulty in retrieving past records due to paper/manual information exchange. Opportunity: Better coordinate the process of manufacturing of die caste products by DCL for SSM Establish a digital/automated problem eporting and resolution system and a Virtual Organization to improve the operational efficiency of DCL and SSM. Cost Saving and Efficient operation for SSM, by creating a Virtual Organization with help of Technology/KM System Automate the PCRs between SSM and DCL teams Organizational Context Mission: Establish a Virtual Organization between SSM and DCL to improve operational efficiency and cost saving External Factors/Actors: Liaison Officer, SSM Designers, DCL Technical Staff(casting, drilling, painting, lathing), IT staff, Supervisors Strategy: Establish an effective Virtual Organization Establish a KM system to handle PCRs Value Chain Drivers: SSM/ DCL teams report a problem to the DCL Liaison Officer who negotiates and coordinates the problem resolution with the SSM designers or DCL staff, with the help of a PCR. The PCR is circulated among the persons involved with the problem and once the problem is resolved, the PCR is archived for future reference. Currently the entire process is manual and paper based and the reports used are PCR and 8D Solutions 1 . Establish an effective Virtual Organization between SSM and DCL with help of Technology, avoiding manual/paper based processing 2. Establish a KM System which will coordinate all the PCRs. The Liaison officer will be the system owner and SSM designers and DCL technical team will have access to the system and input PCR related information. 3. KM System will also act as an information repository for all the problems/resolutions. Any past problems can be referenced from this system to avoid duplication of PCR creation. 4. Once the process works effectively, the role of Liaison Officer can be eliminated by completely automating the PCR creation between the two organizations and thus creating an efficient Virtual Organization. To analyse the existing process and propose a KM based virtual organization, we use the various 0M models. The Problem Opportunities, Organizational Context and Solutions are captured in OMI. From OMI worksheet, we analyse that the problem associated with current setup between SSM and DCL are lack of information and knowledge transfer between the two companies and difficulty in keeping track of past records due to paper/manual information exchange used. Some of the potential Organization between them with help of Technology and avoiding manual/paper based processing. Also we can establish a KM System which can be used for alerting he workers whose name is defined in the PCR. In the propose KM system, the Liaison officer will be the system owner and SSM designers and DCL technical team will have access to the system and input PCR related information. KM System can act as an information repository for all the problems/resolutions.