Managed Health Care Delivery with Healthcare Reform Act Essay

Managed Health C ar Delivery with Healthcare revitalize Act - Essay ExampleThese legislative developments will no doubt bring about tremendous changes in the managed care sector electric shock immensely on the system of care delivery. Studying managed healthcare relative to the Health Care Reform Act is therefore a very important topic affecting healthcare professionals, care providers, checkup students, policy makers and other stakeholders.The Act will particularly have far reaching impacts on models of agate line for insurance providers and the Managed HealthCare Sector. Insurers and self funded care plans for instance are required to overhaul some practices of underwriting as well as structures of benefit. The act will therefore see insurers receive more customers since most Americans are expected to acquire covers or attract penal measures. Ultimately premium rates expected to upgrade as insurers struggle with costs of registering new clients some with very high costs of med ication. Another vault of heaven of concern to the Health Care Reform Act has to do with compensation for physicians especially given the nub and nature of work given the changes that will be occasioned by the reforms. The future of managed healthcare is thus passage to be marred with a myriad of changes all in the best interest of the patient in America. It is important for these reasons that I believe this is as very relevant and timely topic for students in the integral medical field.In this article, the author reflects on physician compensation, cost and quality in the U.S. He similarly explains three ways to reimburse physicians for services rendered the ways are salary, capitation, or fee for service. Physicians reimbursed on the pedestal of salary receive a certain sum at the end of every month or year worked. Those on capitation schedule receive their payments commensurate with the number of patients attended to or the number of patients put under their responsibility . On the other hand, professionals compensated based on fee-for-service receive payment for

Questions # 9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Questions 9 - Essay Examplee burden of explaining of showing that she receives relatively lower pay than a male co-employee, for downstairstaking work comfortably equivalent in skill, effort and responsibility under the usual identical working circumstances ( deceptionson & Everhart, 2011). This analogy ought to be made factor by factor with an existing opposite comparator. Therefore, the formation of the prima facie casing under the Equal Pay Act fundamentally hinges on the underlying selection of a strait-laced comparator (Twomey, 2010). For instance in this case, John would be a proper comparator to Jena under the Equal Pay Act. This is because Jena was diligent in order to handle complex accounting problems which required similar skills and responsibilities. Moreover, Jevan had more responsibilities than John (Johnson & Everhart, 2011). under(a) these prevailing facts, the administration will definitely observe that Jena meet her burden of depicting that she undertook wo rk comfortably equivalent in skill, effort and responsibility under the working conditions similar to the Johns. Indeed, Jena undertook more than that she and John are paid different salaries. Therefore, she can put forth an adequate prima facie case under the Equal Pay Act.The outcome of the case falls firmly in the after part Circuits mainly established jurisprudence with regard to Equal Pay Act (Snell & Bohlander, 2013). In such cases Fourth Circuit is analyzed an Equal Pay Act claim within the higher education context. The court has affirmed either a grant of summary judgment or corresponding dismissal of the achieve based on the plaintiffs failure to establish a prima facie (Twomey, 2010). Similarly, in cases where the prevailing plaintiff has identified a specific comparator, but the comparison clearly is an unsuitable one hence the Fourth Circuit must immediately uphold the summary of the judgment. In case Jena fails to establish a prima facie claim under the Act then it would be cumbersome for a plaintiff in an Equal Pay Act

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Report - Essay warningThe essence of this system of accounting for Non Current assets is that eventually, these assets have to be replaced and hence the best estimate for the attach to to use as the replacement cost of wearing away is depreciation. Accounting in the Income Statement Although IFRS has distinctly spelt out that costs should be capitalized as part of the cost of the asset if future economical benefits are probable and can be reliably measured (Ernst &Young, 2009, p. 7), the model has not clearly undertake clearly, how the units of account, used in long-term assets, should be determined. As such, the determination of a unit of account is establish on the discretion of the management, who consider both the assets materiality and the intended use in order to fix the appropriate units. In respective of this view, the minor spare parts should be considered slight material and, therefore, treated as expenses under the Income Statement. The entire ? 5,700 should be accou nted for under this category. The other two categories of costs, including wait on contract (W4) and depreciation (W2), should be accounted for in the Income Statement since they are expensed. ... or the year final result 30 December 2012 is a sum of the depreciation before the review, of ?30,000 (W5.1) and the depreciation after the review, of ?52, 500 (W5.3). The essence of these calculations, in the context of a change in the original estimate of asset life, is that the unamortised depreciable amount of the asset is supercharged to revenue over the revised remaining useful life. (Accounting Standard AS 6, p. 5). Building X Accounting in the Income Statement Under IFRS (IAS 16), building X is treated as Property Plant and Equipment (PP&E) since it is held for the production of goods and run and it is a Non Current asset. An item under this category is measured at its cost less hoard depreciation. Alternatively, an entity is at liberty to use inspection model, considering th e asset was re rankd. In this respect, a depreciation of ?20,000, ?20,000 and ?40,000 will be accounted for in the Income Statement for the years determination 31 December 2010, 2011, and 2012 respectively. In addition, the gain on revaluation will be reflected on the Income Statement at ? 1,620,000 (W 8.2). Accounting in the Balance Sheet following revaluations at 31 December 2011 and 31 December 2012, for ?2 jillion and ?2.5 million respectively the value of the cost that will appear in the Balance Sheet is ?1 million, ?1 million, ?2 million and ?2.5 million for the years ending 31 December 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 respectively (W 8.1). The respective accumulated depreciations for the years ending 31 December 2010, 2011, and 2012 will be ?60,000, ?80,000 and ?40,000 respectively. Therefore, the cost after revaluation, which will be accounted for the years ending 31 December 2011, 2012 and 2013 will be ?1,000,000, ?20,000 and ?2,500,000 respectively, all treated under Non Curren t

Samsung Group Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Samsung Group - Research Paper ExampleThe familiarity was founded in 1938 by Lee Byung-chull in Daegu City. The companys first name of incorporation was Samsung Sanghoe. The company started off small with forty employees. It was initially a trading company whose dealings involved locally grown groceries and noodles. After the progress of the endeavour and its flourishing, the owner of the origin decided to move Samsung Sanghoe to Seoul. Byung-chull had to move the company to Busan during the Korean War, and the company started trading in a woolen mill. The company then diversified to different regions in the world and begun to trade in various commodities.The company became Samsung Group in 1947 after the two founders of Samsung Trading Corporation went into conflict. Samsung Group went into the electronics business in the 1960s. There were several electronic divisions formation from the company. The first product from Samsung Electronics was a black and unobjectionable televisio n. The company entered the telecommunications market in the 1980s(SG, 2011). The earliest products from the company were switchboards. The company rose to become an international company in the 1990s exporting their products to Europe and America. They were the worlds largest producers of memory chips in 1992. The company is remarkable in being able to survive the 1997 Asian market crisis. The company eventually moved to digital television and Smartphones in the 2000s. It was possible for them as they opened a computer programming lab in Warsaw, Poland. It is the largest producer of smartphones in terms of unit sales.

Insuring Green Buildings Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Insuring Green Buildings - Research Paper ExampleIn most occasions, it is light for the indemnification companies to accept, underwrite and process the loss handling for the homeowner by automating or simplifying the damage. The focus here is usually to get the sum insured and process the policies effectively (Yudelson, 2006).Most the time those selling the homeowner policies, they insurer do not necessarily look at the different building material for verbalism in the building, the construction classes or the ecological standard of the building. This is because, in case of a loss or damage, there may occur a dispute between the insured and the insurer regarding the extent in which the damage must be indemnified (Glavinich, 2008). If there is a need for more specification concerning the building construction, the damages company sends their agents to ask more specifications of the construction process. Although the insurance companies have their agents who researches on the const ruction process, the agents are advise not verify certain details which may lead the insured to decline the policy and manse the policy with other competitors that ask few questions.Up to now, no study has provided statistical evidence reenforcement the stance that viridity buildings have a higher probability and severity of losses. Perhaps the effort to crumble green buildings in detail is not yet justified, given the actual number of owners of green buildings however, the green buildings are more risky and carry higher claim expectancy (Glavinich, 2008).Residential building insurance mainly provides insurance cover for losses arising from fire, supply water and storm/hail events. Loss experiences, and consequently exposure evaluation and rating of homeowner risks are based on conventionally built houses, concrete, brick, nerve and wood (Spiegel & Meadows, 2012). For example, in houses with thatched reed roofs, the probability of a

See the attachment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

See the attachment - testify ExampleIf these resources ar overexploited, then the future generation will be adversely affected. The OPEC members agreed to these issues since they were afterwards conservation of the environment. The comprehensive energy policy aimed at reducing the dependence on imported anoint in US. This was meant to create flexibility in the sources of energy.In the case of the government, the policy was very popular as well. The government encourages the various stakeholders to implement the policy in their best way. This is meant to increase the measures of safeguarding the environment. These factors are quite strategic as the government subsidizes the various go steadys involved in environment conservation. Following the suggested measures by the OPEC members, US are likely to be dependent on the solar energy to some large extent as compared to Israel. The Bright Source wishes to construct the largest solar energy project that has never been developed in C alifornia. This project will assist in substituting the oil energy in US. The impact of technology in US is also likely to affect the final decisions that are made by the OPEC leaders. These issues are solid at maintaining the environment for the future generation to

Entrepreneur Project I Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Entrepreneur Project I - Research Paper Exampleblindness and deafness) they whitethorn also suffer from several mental disorders. In addition, some of the sr. may not subscribe to people to effectively take care of them as some may be living alone, either because they were not married or did not have enough savings to buy or pulp a house after retirement. This necessitates the need for the creation of several programs, which will specifically target the develop and ensure that the quality of the life that they lead is not compromised by the fact that they are aged.Entrepreneurs and businesses should therefore estimate for ways to take advantage of the situation in order to get financial benefits. For instance, different products end be devised which will mainly target the aged in the community. One such product is the government of a paid up aged care this facility will be able to picture the aged with the services necessary for the improvement of the quality of their lives . Moreover, the services provided will specifically target the over-the-hill and will therefore incorporate different requirements that the aged need.Due to the fact that the business targets only a specific demographic sector, the business must effectively know how to deal with the uncertainties or future changes in the demographic fraction of the people. America currently has the highest number of the aged population in history. This aged population is expected to reach about 80 million as the baby boomers start reaching the retirement age (Cress 2007 p 211). In addition, this population needs specialized care and hence providing ready expect for the companys services.Florida has a population of about 18 million of this population, 17.2 percent are aged above 65 years. This is far much higher than the national average of 12.9 (US censors bureau 2009). However, even though the statistics of the aged appear to be large, only a small fraction of the population is fully equal to(p) of settling their

Two Important Virtues Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

twain Important Virtues - Coursework ExampleHowever, he recommended that a virtuous trait is the one that is between deficiency and the b be(a) of that trait. Braveness as a virtue will make an case-by-case pursue all his or her dreams no matter the evident obstacles on the way (Macaro & NetLibrary, 2006).Industriousness is another virtue that Aristotle highlighted as important for the triumph of an individual. It entails working tirelessly so as to improve an individuals carriage. If this virtue is put into practice, an individuals life is liable to flourish or succeed remarkably (OToole, 2005).These two virtues are immanent because they will keep the individuals in the right truck that is likely to lead his or her to success. Braveness will enable an individual to keep going no matter how hard the journey may be trance industriousness will help people to keep working until he, or she meets his targets. Cowardliness and slothfulness are the contrast of these virtues. Any ind ividual who would choose to pursue them will end up staying a life without trying anything, and hence he or she will never achieve anything and hence cannot flourish or succeed at all (Hibbs, 2001).Similarly, the excess of these virtues is disadvantageous. Rashness may make an individual find him or herself in the nasty ending when he or she will have overindulged, and he can soft lose everything. While over industriousness may make an individual to overindulge an aspect that may make a person face adverse effects in such aspects like health. This complies with Aristotles recommendation that the virtuous trait should be between deficiencies and excess (OToole,

The Impact of Employee Participation for Transparency in the Hiring Assignment

The Impact of Employee Participation for Transparency in the Hiring and Promotion Process of Public Agencies - Assignment showcaseThis research will begin with the statement that the problem is that many public agencies are not being transparent in their hiring and forward motion practices, and they are not seeking out adequate levels of employee shareicipation end-to-end the process. The process of hiring and promoting employees is certainly an exercise that takes place almost daily in large institutions, companies, and organization of assorted sorts. Without transparency and a level of employee participation throughout the process, however, it is often difficult to get rank and wedge staff members to truly commit and buy into the true vision of the organization. Oddly enough, this is a problem that continues to stick out despite numerous attempts to rectify the situation and create more transparency and opportunities for participation on the part of everyone in the organiza tion. Much work still needs to be done in order to border up the hiring and promotion process, particularly in public service agencies, in order to reduce incidences of hiring and promotion the wrong individual for important positions within the organization. Judging from the fact that the degree of inefficiency continues to persist, not necessarily because of an absence seizure of a sound recruitment strategy, but as a result of the failure of existing strategies, the simple(a) indication that it sends is that it is important to change the processes and methods involved in tackling the situation. The major problem, therefore, has to do with the failed attempt to identify the correct approach or method in tackling recruitment in various organizations, most commonly as a result of a lack of transparency throughout the hiring and promotion process.

Geopolitics and the role of energy security in the global level and Thesis Proposal

Geopolitics and the role of goose egg security in the global level and its impacts and ch in allenges withen affection east and gulf cooperation council - Thesis Proposal ExampleThere has been a change in the universe of discourse commit since the break-up of the Soviet bloc America now is the only superpower in the world and this gives the western United States the ability to dominate by a combination of military and economic strength (Nye, 2011). One ending of this is that the term global security is increasingly delimit by America and its allies, at least until chinaware reaches its full economic potential (Calabrese, 1998). There is a danger that GCC countries, who hold the key to future energy supplies will be caught up in any eventual rivalry between these two gigantic powers. Military strength cannot solve problems on its own other forms of power such as hearty-situated power or smart power draw in political and economic negociations as well (Smith, 2006).American foreign policy directed towards aligning countries like Saudi Arabia with American objectives, in score to secure stable supply of oil and gas (Brown and Hawthorne, 2010). The very term energy security is defined as the provision of reasonably priced, reliable and environmentally friendly energy (Mller-Kraenner, 2008) but this is from the perspective of western states who generally lack substantial energy deposits, and have renewable technology which does not meet all their needs.Economic objectives in GCC countries are increasingly towards diversification from oil, gas and other natural resources, in order to avoid the so-called resource curse of over-dependence on a few products. There are major implications for all GCC countries because membership of the WTO involves signing up to GATT agreements which involves dramatic and profound changes in the way trade was conducted in these countries (Michalopoulos, 1998). These changes include measures like the removal of export subsidie s and the introduction of Western-style laws, institutions and methods of governance. Most

Unit 9ASSI Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit 9ASSI - study ExampleThis journal article is important to this study since it discusses the demographic transformations that families go through, and how these in turn altercate parenthood and reach with the pip-squeak. In this article, Wasoff discusses the application of the law to demystify these changing trends when determining the application of contact law.One of the cheeks that apply to Michelle and tom turkeys situation is Jackson v. Tangreen, 199 Arizona 306 P 3d hundred (2000). In this case, the biologic fuss of the child voluntarily withdrew his rights of contact after divorcing his wife, the childs mother. This, the father did so that the new husband to the childs mother could adopt the child. However, in an interesting twist, the biological fathers mother petitioned to maintain her visitation rights. The Court of Appeal ruled that the grandparents canon of visitation was constitutional. Even the US Supreme court later refused to review the case.Another case t hat applies to Michelle and Toms situation is Troxel ET vir v. Granville, 530 US 57, 2000, which was presided over in the US Supreme Court. In this case, the deceased biological fathers parents filed for visitation, citing the Washington Statute. Washington Statute granted petitions to visitation, whether the plaintiff is biologically related to the child or not, regardless. The mother of the child had agreed to the visitations, but objected the amount of time grandparents spent with the child, and thereby presenting the case to Washington trial court. At first, the trial court ruled in favor of the grandparents. Through the edible of the Washington appellate system, the childs mother made an appeal. Resultantly, the Washington Court of Appeal tip over the visitation order that had been issued by the trial court. The statutes that had been considered include the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process and the principles that exist in the

Thematic Concerns in the Open Boat Research Paper

Thematic Concerns in the Open gravy boat - Research Paper Examplegenus Gruss legend provides the readers with a perfect blend of humankinde suffering, their various behaviors and natures as well as the desolation that surrounds human beings. Although the dialect is simple and smooth flowing yet he captures essence of moment and gives a close observation of the brutalities of the Mother Nature and human suffering. As Turchi and Baxter also states, The Open Boat insists on moral truths. They are confounding moral truths and many readers will be frustrated that the recognition of the work cannot be distilled, the themes stated plainly. Some of the major thematic concerns that Stephen crane incorporates in the story includeshuman bonding and relations,Man vs. Nature, unavailability of God and communication gaps.A common theme that recurs in most of Cranes works is human bonding or relationships. It appears that the writer believes that in this world an individual cannot succeed o n his own as this world is an unfriendly place and human beings require some bearing of weapon against the brutalities of nature and that weapon is an individuals bonding with his swearword beings. This theme is excessively unembellished from not only the setting of the story but also from the gradual plot progression. Crane creates a microcosm of mankind on the dinghy. Although initially the four survivors had nothing in common and in that location is a authoritative awkwardness that is observed amongst their behaviors yet it is observed that when they realize the unpredictability and the helplessness of their dire situation they smorgasbord an unannounced brotherhood to survive the brutalities of Mother Nature. As it is also stated in the text as well, It would be difficult to describe the subtle brotherhood of men that was here established on the seas.... there was this comradeship that the similar, for instance, who had been taught to be cynical of men, knew plane at the time was the best experience of his life (61). Dersch in effect encapsulates the situation of these characters by quoting Ross Muffins words when he joints, the characters are determined by forces beyond their control humans are presented as higher-order animals fully subject to the forces of heredity and environment and life in general is an inescapable trap (4). Hence the characters find solace in one another and even though earlier they had communication barriers yet they overcome them and act as one anothers support and right hand in the hour of need. For example it is clear from the manner in which the captain, the cook, Billie and correspondent take turns at rowing the boat. Then again when the correspondent is up alone and he say his desire for someone else to be awake and find solace in another individuals company is a proof that Crane believes that human bonding is essential for survival. Communication gap that engulfs human race is another important thematic concern that Crane reiterates in the story to supercharge high spot the disjunct and chaos that surround human beings. The fact that the people on the shore believed the people on dinghy were mere fishermen and the hope in the four survivors that they will be rescued yet their immutable observation saying that, Funny they dont see us (Crane 64) creates an ironic situation. It is as if human beings exist in their individual bubbles where they tend to keep to themselves. However when finally they do realize that their fellow beings are in need they do stand up to help one another. This theme further stresses the lonely existence of man in this

The Macro and Micro-economic Concerns of the High Unemployment Essay

The macro instruction and Micro-economic Concerns of the High Unemployment - Essay ExampleImportantly, unemployment is highest in less developed nations however, with the global economic slump, developed economies ar of late facing the challenge. Predominantly, the US subprime challenges and its wide spread effects have considerably worsened the situation. In India, the challenge of unemployment is a prime obstacle to the regions development. Studies note that even during the good periods, to the highest degree Indian farmers remain unemployed for several years. Explosive populations and region disparity presents the major challenge for this economy. correspond to International Labor Organization (ILO) statistics, since the beginning of the 2007 fiscal crisis, the corporate arena has lost more than 34 million employees. Indeed, the organizations estimate of the year 2010 presented that about 210 million people were unemployed (Bahmani 236). Surprisingly, marvelous prospect sta tes that the worlds youth unemployment figures may amplify progressively at a yearbook average rate of 13.2 %. As such, the organization presents sentiments that economical consequence of this situation is perilous thus demands hypercritical attentions. The rational behind the high rate of unemployment Rethinking of the controversy characterizing the worlds present condition of unemployment is of prominent essence. A major factor increasing the unemployment rates is the lack of sustainable demands for the labor. Bahmani (236) notes that in developing economies, a considerable group of people works as extra labor. This case has emerged by sense that the world lack approaches for promoting industrial and corporate ventures that can comfortably absorb its labor. Tactical...This essay presents an modern attempt to come upon the solution to the unemployment issue on both micro and macro levels, by performing thorough theoretical research of the problem. Unemployment is an old econom ic challenge thus, economists and policy makers have ever struggled to counter the problem. This effort has managed to dictate the spread pace, but of late, the situation has gone out of control.Strategic arguments observe that both macro and micro-economists should psychoanalyse the present rates of unemployment critically. Unemployment invites financial disaster and reduces the aggregate purchasing capacity of a country. Unemployment leads to less expense hence minimizing businesses capitalAdopting tactical measures can minimize the challenge presented by high rates of unemployment. Considering the magnitude of the matter, it is rational to propose that any future economic reforms and industrial adjustments should target reducing the challenge of unemployment. some(prenominal) economists and policy makers need to work communally while according preference to unemployment. Tactical approaches entail promoting sustainable utilization of the available resources and engaging furth er industrial and technological developments. The corporate world and government entities should lock in tactical measures aimed at alleviating unemployment. Developing employment opportunities and parity in income allotment will considerably apostrophize the concern of unemployment. Economies proliferation in future resides on the worlds unemployment rates.

Qualitative Research Approaches Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

qualitative Research Approaches - Essay ExampleThis in turn reduces the economic growth and is barriers to economic development since a huge proportion of the inhabitants do not give to the economy. Various measures have been taken to reduce homelessness among the human immunodeficiency virus give adults, but they are not effective since the measures taken do not consider the postulate of those infected.The aim of this investigate is to find out the needs of homeless people living with HIV in order to develop sustainable strategies that will be effective in reducing level of homelessness among those infected with the virus.Ethnography is suitable for this research since the needs of the people living with HIV will be obtained on a first hand basis. Interview bias, common in researches dealing with HIV, will be avoided with this since the detective will interact with the participants in their day to day activities because get accurate information.In the watercourse decade, an in creasing number of illiterate adults are heading to school to get the basic training. According to the international Adult Literacy Survey (2002), some of the reasons for this are the increasing awareness on the importance of basic education and increase in empowerment programs that encourage illiterate adults to get education. However, going back to school at an older age has its challenges. Most of the adults in these programs have jobs to attend to and families to raise. This makes education one of the least of their priorities hence they do not learn as much as they should.The aim of this research is to study the finger adults go through in school. This will help adult literacy programs and planners come up with strategies that will ascertain maximum information is learned by adult learners given that they have other responsibilities.Phenomenology is suitable for this research study since the researcher will understand the experiences of adult school

Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Movement - Essay ExampleIn my opinion, the human brain is sooner a powerful organ for it usually plays a major role when it comes to the issue of sight because whereas it is unfastened of making the visible become invisible, it can also do the vice versa. In this study at any rate addressing the aspect of visual illusions, it also analyses the issue of movement, this is by relaying information on whether movement is unfeigned or is it just an illusion.Illusions normally come when one t exterminates to perceive something is in a form different from the actual form (Conway et al.). Illusions are of different types, in the case of movement, optical illusion is an illusion related to sight. During the natural event of an optical illusion, a number of brain regions are involved in accordance with aspects like radiation pattern and color. Studies contend the most common form of optical illusion is that of movement especially when objects appear to be in motion but it is the contrary in reality. For instance, when in a film theatre, one normally has the comprehension that he or she is watching a motion picture though studies prove this is non the case. Films are non motion pictures but rather comprise of thousands of still pictures shown in series and in so doing make the viewer have the perception that they are moving (Carrol & Choi 287). I think this perception is true, whereby a motion comes because of static repeated patterns. Mainly, this comes due to the involuntary eye movements such as blinking, normally triggered by the brain intentionally in a move to create a shortcut, hence not showing some of the information.Studies show that eyeballs of humans are normally in constant vibration, which is imperceptible. However, when one sees an object, neurons end up emitting negative signals stronger compared to the positive ones (Llg & Guillaume 19). This is due to the optical illusions that take place. Optical illusion, also known as illusionary motion is a s ituation whereby static

CUSTOMER CARE AND ROLE OF THE OVERSEAS REPRESENTIVE Essay

CUSTOMER CARE AND ROLE OF THE OVERSEAS REPRESENTIVE - Essay Example giant nerves are observed to be expanding their businesses glob all in ally in order to maintain their competitive position amid their competitors by offering an assortment products based on the local needs and preferences (Blaxter & et. al., 2001). However, it has often been viewed that the aim of expanding is considered to be whizz of the major tasks which at times results in negligence in the way customer satisfaction should be taken care of. With the changing demand in the preference of goods amid people, it has become vital for every organisation to implement new steps that would help them to fulfil the rising demands of their customers. Todays touristry manufacture is recognised as one of the growing global industries. It has been measured that today many students selects travel and tourism as their field of study and chose to select it as the way of earning their livelihood. Additionally, tourism industry is viewed to provide challenge and exciting working environment which is attracting more people towards it. Overseas representatives are essentially organisational members who represent themselves as an authorised person to act as an official delegate or agent. The image of abroad representatives in a tourism industry is essential as they are responsible to look after all the requirements of their customers, which in turn helps in building better customer relationship with the organisation. Although tourism is considered to be a growing industry, it has been viewed that minimum research has been conducted to study the importance of overseas representatives in tourism industry and their bureau to maintain good customer care. In this regard, organisations or people who mainly aim to study the role of overseas representatives in tourism industry and their role in maintaining good customer care take would be attracted towards this research as it would aid them to understand the va rious factors associated with the job role and the importance of overseas representatives in tourism industry (Dale & Oliver, 2005). The Research Questions Based on the selected research topic, the two research questions that would be addressed in the proposed study are what are the roles of overseas representative to establish better customer car

Company Employment Essay Example for Free

Company Employment EssaySheena had worked for the same Fortune 500 Company for more or less 15 forms. Although the community had gone through some tough metres, things were starting to turn roughly. Customer orders were up, and tonicity and productivity had improved dramatically from what they had been only a few years earlier due company wide quality improvement program. So, it comes as a real shock to Sheena and about 400 of her co-workers when they were all at once terminated following the new CEOs decision to downsize the company. After recovering from the initial shock, Sheena act to find employment elsewhere. Despite her efforts, after eight months of searching she was no closer to finding a job than the day she started. Her funds were organism depleted and she was getting more discouraged. There was one satiny spot, though She was able to bring in a comminuted money by mowing lawns for her neighbors. She got involved quite an by chance when she heard one neighbo r remark that now that his children were on their own, nobody was around to cut the grass. Almost jokingly, Sheena asked him how much hed be willing to pay. Soon Sheena was mowing the lawns of five neighbors. new(prenominal) neighbors wanted her to work on their lawns, but she didnt feel that she could spare any more time from her job search. However, as the rejection letters began to pile up, Sheena knew she had to make an important decision in her life. On a rainy Tuesday morning, she decided to go into business for herself taking divvy up of neighborhood lawns. She was relieved to give up the stress of job hunting, and she was excited about the prospects of being her own boss. But she was also fearful of being completely on her own. Nevertheless, Sheena was determined to make a go of it. At first, business was a little slow, but once people realized Sheena was available, many asked her to take care of their lawns.Some people were scarcely glad to turn the work over to her othe rs switched from professional lawn care services. By the end of her first year in business, Sheena knew she could earn a living this way. She also performed other services such as fertilizing lawns, weeding gardens, and trimming shrubbery. Business became so good that Sheena hired two part-time workers to assist her and, even then, she believed she could expand make headway if she wanted to.Questions1. In what ways are Sheenas customers most likely to judge the quality of her lawn care services? (10 Marks)2. Sheena is the operations manager of her business. Among her responsibilities are forecasting, inventory management, scheduling, quality assurance, and support. (a) What kinds of things would likely require forecasts?(b) What inventory items does Sheena in all probability have? Name one inventory decision she has to make periodically. (c) What scheduling must she do? What things cleverness occur to disrupt schedules and cause Sheena to reschedule? (d) How important is qualit y assurance to Sheenas business? Explain. (e) What kinds of maintenance must be performed? (20 Marks)3. What are some of the trade-offs that Sheena probably considered relative to(a) Working for a company preferably of for herself?(b) Expanding the business? (10 Marks)4. The town is considering an ordinance that would prohibit putting grass clippings at the curb for pickup because local anaesthetic landfills cannot handle the volume. What options might Sheena consider if the ordinance is passed? Name two advantages and two drawbacks of each option. (20 Marks)

Elizabethan society Essay Example for Free

Elizabethan society EssayAt the end of the brisk there can be seen to be a change of attitude of society towards Grenouille. Due to his amazing contribute, Grenouille is able to create a roll that potently manipulates human emotion through preserving the aroma of the 25 virgin girls. At Grenouilles execution he reveals this scent and the whole town is overwhelmed by emotion. It is at this point in time that the townsfolk admire Grenouilles gift and beca go for of their state of delirium, overlook Grenouilles crimes. It is here when Grenouille can be seen to be accepted into society.However, regardless of this Grenouille still perceives himself as an foreigner. Grenouille believes that he is not loved for himself but for the perfume he created, he states I have unendingly found gratification in hatred, in hating and being hated, not love. He then decides to return to capital of France upon geting that the satisfaction that he initi attendant felt has transformed itself into self-hatred and disgust. In comparison to Othello the refreshful Perfume can be seen to be both similar and different in their representations of the Outsider.Like Grenouille, Othello is seen as an outlander because of his background. He is outcaste because of his race and his differing values referable to agone experiences. Grenouille can be seen to formulate this idea, as he is an outsider initially because of his background that challenges the norm of society at the time the novel was set. some other similarity that can be made between these two texts is that the perception of the outsider is sensed from society and in any case from within the outsider itself.Othello, even though quite underestimating at times, believes that he is middle-level to the Venetians, he states Happily for I am black and do not possess the soft part of conversation chamberers have. Grenouille also perceives himself as an outsider and is aware of the unwelcoming presence he bestows upon ot hers. The fact that Grenouille devotes his life to creating a scent that will make him accepted and valued in society shows how he is aware if this. Another likeness between Othello and Grenouille is that both characters share a differing attitude to women that makes them outsiders in society.They are both around oblivious to women as a sexual commodity, or do not show the affiliation to what would be expected of them. Othello shows an unusually lack of affection or infatuation towards his wife Desdemona. Othello has just been married to a young, and beautiful woman but does not seem to be besotted with her at all. This can be compared to Grenouilles differing attitude to women. Although Grenouille does not have a rightful relationship towards the women he comes across, he is still haunt with them, unlike Othello.The way Grenouille expresses this obsession or feeling, however, is still different to what would be expected of most puerile men. Grenouille is not attracted physically to the women but is enthralled by them because of their scent. Grenouille can also be compared to Iago in the hunt down Othello, as both are dismissive towards the values and ideologies of their context. Loyalty, love, reputation and honesty were all values of commodious importance in Elizabethan society. Iagos actions, however, derive from hate, vengeance and deceit.Yet Iago is still considered an insider in Venice and only chooses to disregard the values of society. Grenouille on the other hand is completely isolated from society and struggles for any kind of acceptance. His rude actions that go against the values of 18th century France whitethorn be partially influenced by the fact that he was not introduced to the morals of society in the first place, due to this isolation. Grenouille, having seen no human affection or experienced any of the values we inherit from human interaction such as love and compassion, find it difficult to distinguish right from wrong in his actions.A nother text that has enhanced my understanding of how the thought of the outsider can be portrayed is the short fool away The Story of Bubbleboy. The film was produced in 2006 for the annual Australian tropfest short film festival. It was directed by Sean Ashcroft, produced by Kristy Fransen and stars Andrew Supanz. The Story of Bubbleboy is a film rough a man named Bubbleboy who is trapped in the past and redeemed by the future. Bubbleboy is a sad outsider who lives alone due to a fanatic phobia of pointed and sharp objects.He is so afraid that he results to wrapping ein truththing, including himself, in bubble-wrap. He never ventures from his house because the outside human beings is too terrifying and he cannot comprehend his fears. The film tells the story of his self-imposed exile from the world and how one day, driven by dwindle away supplies he ventures out. Bubbleboy, while growing more confident as his adventure draws to an end, is ironically stabbed in an ally way. H owever, having been stripped from his protective bubbles in his last moments, Bubbleboy finds salvation and feels connected with the world.Because of Bubbleboys fear and self imposed isolation, he is regarded as an outsider by society. He completely avoids human contact and is scorned by the community. Bubbleboy longs for belong but cannot comprehend his fears. A particular scene in the novel that conveys this idea is the beginning member where we are introduced to Bubbleboys way of life and how it differs greatly from that of society. Here, filming techniques are used to show that Bubbleboy is an outsider. A trice mirage of everyday pointy items is shown while a narrator explains Bubbleboys situation. in that location is then a long press stud of Bubbleboy captive from head to toe in bubble-wrap huddling in a corner of his topographic point. This initiates the idea that he is definitely an outsider and is uncomfortable with his surroundings. Close-ups are used to show the trep idation on Bubbleboys face to emphasize this point. A panning shot is then used to show how every household item has been covered in bubble-wrap, emphasizing the glitz of the problem. A birds eye view is also used here of Bubbleboy moving uncomfortably through his home this suggests that he is a victim and is clearly suffering from his phobia.To show how Bubbleboys fears cause him to be perceived as an outsider by the community is the use of dramatic contrast between the outside world and his own. A view from the inside of the house looking out into the street brings a striking contrast of alive(predicate) colors. When this is compared to the insides of Bubbleboys house, which is mostly colored in grays, the fact that he is an outsider is emphasized. Two young girls ride past the house and stop mocking Bubbleboys strange appearance from the window.Bubble boy then shuts his curtain and disappears. The use of the window here also symbolizes the physical barrier between himself and society. Contrast is used in a further scene in the film when illustrating the differences of Bubbleboys lifestyle to that of people his own age. Here, Bubbleboy is seen looking longingly into the window of a house where a lively and entertaining dinner party is taking place. A camera angle is used to show how Bubbleboy is looking up into the scene creating a sense of his inferiority and isolation.There are then a series of flashing images back and forth between the vibrant and colourful party life, with Bubbleboys lonesome isolation, again reinforcing this idea. When Bubbleboy finally faces his fears and leaves the house, more techniques are used to show how new and trepidating this is for him due to his experience as an outsider. For example when he opens the door into the outside world, a blinding and foggy brightness is emitted suggesting the unknown. Once outside the house, Bubbleboy again contrasts greatly with his surroundings as his general appearance is confronting and o bviously very odd.Close-ups are used to show the looks of mockery and confusion on the towns peoples faces to convey this idea. The attitudes towards Bubbleboy as an outsider may be seen to change towards the end of the film. When he is ironically stabbed on his way home from his healing expedition his is stripped of his bubble-wrap protection. It is here when society can accept him as his true self is revealed. This is shown by a woman rushing to the aid of injured Bubbleboy, truly concerned for his wellbeing.Bubbleboys perceptions of himself as an outsider can also be seen to change. A narrators voice is used to explain that at that point, Bubbleboy finds salvation, and for the first time feels connected to the world once outside his shell. There are not many similarities to the play Othello as the short film is such a vastly different text. Though it is clear that both characters Bubbleboy and Othello are perceived as outsiders by society. However, it is Othellos unforeseen and irrational actions that confirm his status as an outsider.While it is Bubbleboys out of the ordinary actions that alter him to be accepted into society. Also, Bubbleboy is portrayed to be a victim of the imposing views of society, as he is a lonely and lost character, but on the other hand Othello victimizes society itself when he undergoes the actions that make him an outsider. Evidently, the collar texts Othello, Perfume and The Story of Bubbleboy have all increased my understanding of the outsider as they illustrate a vast use of techniques and concepts that make a person an outsider in society.

Women During the Civil War Essay Example for Free

Wo men During the Civil War testWomen during the Civil War helped as nurses, cooks, solider, and spies. Women in the North also worked for the United States Sanitary Commission. The primary subject field relief organization, coordinating donations to the Union. The role southern women played during the Civil War was also to cook, be spies, the duties of the existence while in his absence. Women worked in munitions plants, as clerks in government offices, and as a sales armament in retail businesses. Clara Barton a famous Civil War nurse, she followed the troops into battle and worked along human face doctors. Barton after founded the American Red Cross (Schultz, 2012).The war affected both the women on Union and the Confederate side because in the absence of the men, women had to ensure all the duties were completed. Black slaves fighting during the Civil War concerned numerous individuals. People were fearful of the idea of arming a Black man. In case they would revolt dorsum and kill for their freedom. People feared the idea of the black slaves willing to do anything to accommodate free. Black slaves played a huge role in the American Civil War this was mainly because slaves were a large universe of discourse of the South. Nearly 3. 5 million people in the Confederate side were slaves (Schultz, 2012).Black slaves were offered an opportunity to become free by serving in the war, but this enticement was only offered as a put out resort, because of the desperate need of men to fight the war. The only down side to this was that even freed many blacks were non equal to white men. Black solider rarely ever became officers and the only time they command white men was when their whiteness was not so evident (The Civil War,2013) They were not given equal pay, or allowed to vote. temporary hookup many slave owners did not want to arm black slaves they desperately needed help in fighting.

Presidents of the Vietnam War Essay Example for Free

Presidents of the Vietnam contend EssayPresident Nixons move to remainder the contend in Vietnam and propagate peace there is the most noble move compared to that of the John F. Kennedys and Lyndon Johnson, who, at that time have deployed 500,000 soldiers, more than 300 of which are held prisoners. More so, the citizens were divided over the purpose of the contend. Nixon plot a strategy to end Americas involvement in that struggle without sacrificing the dignity that it has upheld in the global scene. With his grueling intentions, he was instrumental in the signing of a peace treaty that benefited both countries. John F. Kennedy views the war as only a small part of a bigger struggle between immunity and communism, an idea that he widely advertised to the Americans. His stand on Americas defense for freedom in Vietnam is root from the legal relationship that it tried hard to uphold. With this, JFK pursued all possibilities of winning the war. His pledge to pay every price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival of the fittest and success of liberty (John F. Kennedy, 1962) was considered ambitious. Lyndon Johnsons move to give support to Diem in order to make sure that the waging of war against the communist was not effective in the course of the Vietnam War. His obvious support to continue waging war and send young soldiers made him the antagonist by many Americans who felt that by doing so, it is synonymous to genocide with a different purpose. President Nixons intentions handled the Vietnam War best since he made sure that the war was fought in a manner he knows will be a win-win situation to both countries.Works CitedHerring, George C. Americas Longest War The United States and Vietnam, 1950-1975.America in crisis. New York Wiley, 1979.Small, Melvin. Antiwarriors The Vietnam War and the Battle for Americas Hearts and Minds. VietnamAmerica in the war years, v. 1. Wilmington, Del studiousResources, 2002 .

Food and Beverage Essay Example for Free

fodder and Beverage Essay food for thought and Beverage Service is the service of Food make in the Kitchen and imbibitions prep ard in the Bar to the Customers (Guest) at the Food Beverage premises, which set up be eating regularizes, Bars, Hotels, Airlines, locoweedvas Ships, Trains, Companies, Schools, Colleges, Hospitals, Prisons, Takeaway etc Food Beverage Outlets are divided in to the following categories Restaurants Restaurants are places where Food suck is served. There are various theatrical roles of Restaurants All Day eat Restaurants They are sometimes called as coffee tree Shops or Cafe in Hotels. They are usually big in size with many Covers (seats), compared to other(a) Restaurants in the same Hotel. The main reason why they are called All Day Dining Restaurant is beca determination of their hours of surgical procedure, as they are open for Breakfast in the Morning to Lunch in the afternoon to dinner party in the Evening. Fine Dining Restaurants Fine Dining Restaurants are characterized by their elaborate and exclusive computer menu with special emphasis on the very high quality food they serve. The emphasis being on crisp ingredients and natural flavors or on the typesetters case of Cuisine served, or both.Usually the operation of this restaurant revolves around the Head Chef or Chef De Cuisine of this Outlet. distinguishing characteristic Restaurants These are Restaurants which usually submit a type of National or Regional Character or Cuisine attached to them, for example Italian Specialty Restaurant, Chinese Specialty Restaurant etc. In some Hotels they do also sometimes have Multi Cuisine Specialty Restaurant, which literally means that Restaurant serves cuisine from to a greater extent than one country, or the dishes on the Menu at that Restaurant has Food Specialties from many different countries.2. hang around Lounges can be arrange in different hotels. Their main purpose is to offer Food Drinks in relaxed surro undings with comfortable and comfortable seating in relaxed surroundings. There are many kinds of Lounges ranging from a Lounge in a Lobby, Cocktail Lounge and Cigar Lounge to Executive and Club Lounge in special Floors. 3. Bar Bar is a place where drinks are served. There is usually a small Snacks Menu too. The service is fast and quick.There are various kinds of Bars ranging from Formal bars to Club Bars, Pubs, Pool Bars, Wine Bars, Cocktail Bars, Beach Bar to succus Bars and many more. 4. Discotheque/Nightclub They are outlets where medical specialty and Entertainment takes priority with the Food Drink. The operation is very fast and the guest numbers are large. Security is an important aspect in these operations. Music and entertainment can range from DJ to live bands playing. 5. Room Service/In Room Dining Room Service, also known as In Room Dining .It is the service of Food Drink in Guest retinue in a Hotel or a Resort. Depending on the size and type of Hotel or Resort it s functions vary. 6. Meeting and Conference Rooms Meeting and Conference rooms together with wrap Rooms come under the Banquets Conference section. They are a great source of Revenue in Food Beverage Department usually in Corporate and City Hotels. MICE (Meetings, Incentives, and Conferences Exhibitions) can alone get hold of much revenue in some hotels in comparison to other outlets in Hotel. 7.Ball Rooms These are large Function Rooms which are primarily used for Functions and Weddings. The Staffing ration of Full cadence Staff in this section is very less as the Function and Wedding Business can sometimes be seasonal and extra staff is usually filled in by the use of Casual Staff. This Section is the most Dynamic section in Food Beverage with the Conference Section, which is more physically demanding and creatively oriented. 8. Delicatessen Delicatessen or Deli traditionally had been a place where fresh meat and other produce were available.Hotels nowadays use this concept of having a Deli on their premises, where guests can buy fresh produce ranging from Freshly Baked Bread, Cold Meat, Fresh Salads, Cakes, Home Made trumpery creams and light and healthy drinks. 9. Others There are many other Food Beverage outlets ranging from Fast Food Outlets to Food Courts to Snack Bars which are usually stand alone or in a shopping centre. This is just a brief introduction to Food and Beverage. Detailed information on Food and Beverage can be found at Food and Beverage Bible E have By Santosh Koripella at www. foodnbeveragebible. com.

Brave New World Essay Example for Free

Brave hot founding EssayImagine living in a foundation with no mom and dad, and that at any of your sides you see many copies of yourself, and the only if society you know is the one made up of some sort of hierarchy where you be not every last(predicate)owed to ask any feelings or even think. This is the world depicted in the take hold Brave New World by Aldous Huxley. The book was published in 1932, he was looking to provide people a picture of a proximo entireionist society full of science and happiness, but this vision somehow became the world we live in now. In the novel Brave New World, Huxley gives us a view of a society that good deal only achieve stability through fictional happiness. This is an example of a Utopian society that move to create a perfect society. At that m, changes in science were becoming frequent and Huxley noticed these changes. With the subterfuge of the assembly line, the Ford Company allowed people to afford cars. Huxley was able to s ee where these advances in science were leading. When a person thinks of a utopia he or she thinks of a place where everyone is gifted, with no diseases, where anger and sadness do not exist.As the motto of this world says confederation, Identity, Stability. These three words hang in a foretoken over the Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre, this creates and conditions new human life. These words argon the slogan for this society. Community means that all persons must work together to maximize the greatest happiness for society as a whole, and it occurs through the artificially implanted radicals of Identity that all(prenominal) person has. Regardless of the hierarchy they have, each person is supposed to be happy with their consume identity.And Stability is the ultimate address of society because only through stability can happiness be maintained and all unpleasant feelings and emotions be eradicated. We ar living in a Brave New World society in the present day s. In the novel, people were organism cloned and their lives had been already planned even before their birth with the use of psychological technologies to conquer the future air. Conditioning, combined with prenatal treat handst, created individuals without individuality each one was programmed to behave the way the presidency wanted.The citizens mind was being manipulated basically through the use of drugs and propaganda. The principle of sleep-teaching or hypnopaedia, had been discovered. He critiques modern government institutions whose power and ideals has slowly inserted into the minds of ordinary people. They teaching the children with some kind of propaganda while they were sleeping, the allowing play a message that they wanted all those children to know for the rest of their lives.The book was written years ago, trustworthyly far from our time, but the scary truth is that we are living in the same standards as the world idea of Huxley. Together with the media, our go vernment manipulates us to do what they want. For example, those TV commercials of cell phones that tells us to buy smart phones because they are better and then year after year they come up with improvements that are not real and we buy them because we think they are going to be better but we are just being stupid consumers giving money to those big companies.The government approves this because by consumerism, we generate the need of more(prenominal) therefore, more production, more jobs and will better the economy. This utopian society, had also its benefits. Their liberalism respecting relationship and trip, was not as disconsolate because they had no compromises. the government taught them not to have serious relationships with other people. There were no family values, they encouraged to freely have sex with any person they wanted because sex would make them happy.We can see this, when Lenina tells Fanny that shes been sleeping with the same guy during four months and Fann y responds Its such a horribly bad form to go on and on like this with one man have somebody else from time to time, thats all. They do not condone exclusivity in a relationship, because that involved feelings of love and family and could lead to a disturbance on their social stability. We can totally mirror this in our present society. For example, few days ago a law gave underage girls the ability to purchase the morning after pill.This liberalism in sexual urge is bad in the long run. This is allowing children to start their sexual life earlier, when thirteen year old kids are already having sex, there would be no exclusivity by the time they get married there will be no family values within our society everything will be just about sex just as it was on the book. But were not responsible for those actions because this was all they knew. They manipulated them since babies so theyll grow up to be a part of their caste and to do what that caste was supposed to do and be happy with it, therefore be more productive in society.Even though, this world was depicted as perfect and everyone seemed to be happy with their lame controlled lives, there were people that were really affecter with the ideals. For example, alpha Bernard Marx, he was a quietude guy that like to use soma (their cocaine-like drug) seemed to be in love with Lenina, he wanted something more than sex from her, but she was know pretty much as a slut, because probably half of the men in the conditioning center had slept with her and he is disgusted to hear the men in the elevator mouth about Lenina as though she were meat.People in our society would look upon Brave New World we would see it as a place of immoral behavior and obscenity. This could this possibly be because they were conditioned to all that and cannot realize it. They could just as easily be conditioned into thinking that only their thoughts are correct. Everyones goal in every culture is to reach a state of ultimate happiness. The society of Brave New World is just the same, but they go in different way by manipulation on actions, feelings and reproduction.Theres no need to sacrifice personal desires for the greater good. I think that what will make us really happy is the ability to freely make decisions about our own behavior and life, rather than relying on our society standards and what the government wants us to do. As an individual, I enjoy making my own decisions about what I want to be and about my sentimental relationship. I think anyone would want to puree to reach their full potential when they have the opportunity and freely reach their maximum happiness.

Mass Media Influence on the Society Proposal Essay Example for Free

flock Media Influence on the Society Proposal EssayIn the last 50 years, the influence of the media on the society has gravid exponentially with the advance of technology. Mass media is a major force in modern culture, particularly in America. All lot of times they refer to this as a mediated culture where media reflects and creates the culture. If you look in the past, first there was the post offices and telegram, and then they build the radio, newspaper and magazines, later television and now internet.Mass media is all about communication whether spoken, written or broadcast that r to each onees a large audience. This includes movies, magazines, radio, television, advertising, the internet and so forth. But how is mass media influencing our society. This question is what drives me to writing this proposal. To do this research I will be victimisation Internet, e-books and other researches done on this topic to really understand this subject and based on the leave behind of my analysis I will present my findings and conclusion on the questions.Read moreEssay almost Media Influences on SocietyResearch Question How is mass media influencing our society? Sub Questions 1. How does mass media influence tempt? 2. What are the effects of media? 3. What kind of impact does mass media have on our youth? Introduction If you pick up around most of the mass will tell you that media is really influencing people. But how is mass media really influencing our management of living. Before discussing the influence of mass media on society it is important to point out the 3 grassroots functions of mass media.The basic function of media is to set up entertainment, education and news/ information. The most important function of media is to provide news and information to the masses. That is why the present era is known as the information age. People look at news or information for different reasons, on one hand it can be use to socialize and on the other to make d ecisions and formulate opinions. Entertainment would be the other function where it is broadly used to amuse in present day hectic environment.Educating the masses about their rights, moral, social and spiritual obligations is another important function of mass media. Due to globalization a huge number of people depend on communication and information to stay connected to the world and their daily activities like education, work, wellness care, socialization and travel. If you look at a common person he or she wakes up each morning and checks newspaper or television news which he or she uses for basing their decisions.

Lyme, the Silent Killer Essay Example for Free

Lyme, the Silent Killer EssayLyme unsoundness is disease transmitted by the cervid tick in addition known as the black legged tick. It is caused by an infection called Borrelia Burgdorferi which is a reference of bacterium called a spirochete. The deer tick kitty transmit the spirochetes to humans and other animals causing them to choke infected with Lyme disease. Lyme disease prototypic begins as a multi system inflammatory disease which first attacks the scramble in the locate stage, then spreads to the joints the nervous system and other organ systems. If the Lyme disease is diagnosed early it digest be treated with antibiotics, but it does depend on the progression of the diseases among the patient. Often the tick must be attached to your body for 24 36 hours to spread the bacteria to your blood. The spirochete is injected from the victims struggle into the bloodstream establishing itself in various body tissues.After an incubation period of 3 to 32 days, the orga nism migrates issueward in the skin, is spread through the lymphatic system or is disseminated by the blood to different body organs or other skin sites. Lyme disease was first described in 1909 in European aesculapian journals. The first outbreak in the get together States occurred in the early 1970s in Old Lyme, Connecticut. An unusually high incidence of juvenile arthritis in the area led scientists to investigate and identify the disorder. In 1981, Dr. Willy Burgdorfer set the bacterial spirochete organism (Borrelia Burgdorferi) which causes this disorder.Lyme disease is known to be the number one arthropod disease is the United States occurring in 48 of the 50 states and up to 12,000 cases of Lyme disease diagnosed annually. Lyme disease is has three stages which are early localized disease with skin inflammation, early disseminated disease with meaning and nervous system involvement, including palsies and meningitis, and the last stage of the disease called later dissemi nated which causes motor and sensory nerve damage and brain inflammation as well arthritis.The first stage is called Localized Lyme disease and in this early phase of the illness, within days to weeks of the tick bite, the skin around the bite develops an expanding ring of unraised fervor. There may be an outer ring of brighter redness and a central area of clearing, leading to a bulls-eye appearance, the rash also has a warm to key signature feeling .The first rash seen on the patient is called erythema migrans. The redness of the skin is often accompanied by flu-like symptoms which may include fever, chills, fatigue, muscle and joint pain, swollen lymph nodes and headache. Sometimes these more serious symptoms develop without the psyche ever having had a rash. The redness resolves, without sermon, in about a month. Weeks to months after the initial redness of the skin, the bacteria spread throughout the body and can begin affecting the joints, heart, and nervous system. The la ter phases of Lyme disease can affect the heart, and cause inflammation of the heart muscle.This can result in abnormal heart rhythms and heart failure. The nervous system can develop facial muscle paralysis also known as Bells palsy, abnormal sensation due to disease of encircling(prenominal) nerves which is also known as peripheral neuropathy, meningitis, and confusion. Arthritis, or inflammation in the joints, begins with swelling, stiffness, and pain. Usually, only one or a few joints bring into being affected, more or less commonly the knees. The arthritis of Lyme disease can look like many other types of inflammatory arthritis and can become chronic. Lyme disease occurs in wooded areas with populations of mice and deer which carry ticks, and can be contracted during any pacify of the year.The medication used for adults with Lyme disease the antibiotic tetracycline is the drug of choice. Penicillin V and erythromycin suck up also been used in children. Penicillin V is now recommended for neurological abnormalities. It is not yet clear whether antibiotic treatment is helpful later in the illness when arthritis is the most predominant symptom. Treatment should be started as briefly as the rash appears. A clear diagnosis of Lyme disease can be tricky, and often relies on information the patient and through process of elimination the Doctor will be able to out rule other conditions.Lyme disease and its symptoms often mimic many other diseases which target multi body systems such as Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Multiple Sclerosis. Doctors will perform a specific blood see called Enzyme Linked Immunoabsorbent Assay (ELISA) which can detect antibodies present of Lyme disease. Results of this test may be inaccurate if patients have had antibiotics soon after contracting Lyme disease, or in those who have weakened immune systems.SOURCES1.American Lyme disease foundation. (2006, April). Retrieved from http//www.aldf.com/lyme.shtml 2.American College of Phys icians. (2012). Lyme disease- A patients guide. Retrieved from

Mission, Vision, and Goals Essay Example for Free

Mission, Vision, and Goals EssayMy mission in life is to be skilful with the way my life turned out. Yes, I would love to have a lot of money and to be known, but whats the point of having all of that when Im non happy that I have it? Most people drop away being grateful for happiness.Wrong Many of the rich and famous are grateful for what they have, but not all are happy with it. No matter how my life turns out, I just compliments to be happy. Whether I am a homeless woman living in a shelter, or a successful entrepreneur living in a million dollar home, I just want to be happy Five-ten years from now, I see myself working on my clothing line and generating a good amount of sales. I see myself getting talked about in some of the hottest invent magazines manifestation that I am one of the hottest successful convinced(p) size fashion designers around.During this time I hope to have a high rolling website for my line, and that I have a huge amount of customers that cloud my items. I would also love to have at least one- two fashion boutiques fully knowing and fully staffed. Being a fashion designer is my main career goal. I do not see myself being anything but a designer. Fifteen-twenty years from now, I see myself being in railing shows showing off all of my fabulous designs. I see luxurious clothing stores all crossways the map with my brand name a logo on the front.My stores will be fabulous and exciting ilk Gucci, Guess, Coach, and Juicy Couture. My clothing will be very elegant and formal. Celebrities, both small and plus size will be flaunting my designs to the Grammys, Oscars, VMAs, and more. My name will be everywhere. I have a conceive of to be compared to other famous designer brands like Prada, Dior, Christian Louboutin, Vera Wang, Fendi and more I want celebreties to specifically request me and my company to design an exclusive garment for a special occasion such as a wedding.Today, I am studying business management at Johnson and Wales University. My financial aid has deep put me in a position where unfortunately, I will most likely not be attending school next year. Instead, I will be working and saving money, so that I can go to a fashion school and get a fashion degree. While I am working during the summer, I play to buy a sewing machine, and teach myself how to sew clothes. I have been looking to buy a mannequin dress form, but unfortunately they range from $95 to nearly $500, so I have decided to make my own.I will be doing a small project where I will make my own mannequin dress form of my silk hat friends body. My plan to help me get a better understanding of the fashion world, is to be an intern at a fashion company. I hope to land my first job as a fashion assistant, either before I go to fashion school (if Im lucky) or after I ask round my degree. Fashion is a huge part of my life, and no matter what obstacles come in my way like not being able to attend school next year, I will make my dreams o f neat a fashion designer come true

The Kite Runner Essay Example for Free

The Kite Runner EssayLoyalty is an attitude of devotion, faithfulness and affection. In the novel The kite runner Loyalty is a prominent theme th grossout. in that location are signs of truth between a few characters but the main ones concerning Hassan and ameer . Hassan comes from a rough social background, lacks education and is the main victim of disloyalty by emir however he was the character who portray loyalty the most. Amir is constantly putting Hassans loyalty to the test.He asks him if he would chew dirt and Hassan answers him in saying that if he was asked to then yes he would but he challenges Amirs loyalty at the same pri give-and-take term in saying but I wonder, would you ever ask me to do such a intimacy amir agha . Hassan shows loyalty to Amir when he admits to stealing his watch and his money. He knew all along that Amir wanted to plump rid of him and Ali however being the loyal servant and friend he was he admits to a crime which he did not commit for Amirs sake . he does this To ensure Baba does not suss out Amir as a liar.The main incident which proves the magnitude of Hassans loyalty towards Amir was when Amir watched Hassan get raped but did nothing to stop it. And although Hassan endured the most traumatic experience of his life he dust loyal to Amir and disregards the fact that he witnessed the entire scenario. He ignores Amirs sinful actions and instead asks if HE had through something wrong. Throughout his life, Amir is haunted by the disloyalty with which he has always treated Hassan, especially since Hassan had always been unimpeachably loyal to him.Little things like hand washed and ironed clothes neatly placed on the chair and the wood already burning at breakfast time reminds Amir of Hassans continuous loyalty and causes him extreme guilt Hassan even dies a loyal man by resisting the Taliban when they came to take possession of Babas house. Amir finally gets the opportunity to change his life for the better and f or a change demonstrate his faithfulness towards Hassan afterwards his death.By Amir making a dangerous trip back to Afghanistan to rescue and raise Hassans son -Sohrab from the Taliban is a prime example of returning his loyalty to Hassan . Amir flies kites with sorab and tells him how hassan was the best kite flyer. He develops a close relationship with sorab and treats him as if he were his own son. He truly wants the best for Sorab and he is finally given the opportunity to be as loving and loyal as Hassan once was.

Urie Bronfenbrenner Ecological System Theory

Urie Bronfenbrenner Ecological arranging TheoryThis paper will focusing on the various homo victimisation theories and then try out to connect them with public health issues. The public health resuscitate that we have chosen for this paper is bum fume. It is a big loving business and thither is an urgent need of finding the start font of the same. There is a evolution need to find out ways in which one quite a little connect this problem with the human maturement surmise so that one sack re drop dead the root parkway of the same.We have to go for the conductal property of the person and find the reciprocal traits so that we can link them with a human development theory. In the first half of the paper we will focus on human development theories by Erikson, Bowlby, Bronfenbrenner, Piaget, and Freud. Then apply the theoretical elements of human behavior and development to a specific public health concern such as cigargontte smoking, and how behavioral theories vie w program delivery or health education efforts.Erickson View on TheoryErickson gave the world of psychology famously known as Eriksons stages of psychosocial development. These atomic number 18 the stages through which any developing human should pass from his previous(predicate) stage of infancy to the late stages of adulthood. In each of the stages, human confront new challenges and then his or her experience helps them to master the stage and move on to the next stage.If the challenges of one interpretericular stage argon not completed in the stage itself, then it will appear as a problem later in life. However, it was also mentioned that one need not master the stage or capture super-efficient in one of the stages to move on to the next. This is not a preset condition in the fabric (Sigelman, Shaffer, 2013). The process of passing through each of those stages is a summation of social and biological changes that the person goes through. distributively of these stages has some kind of virtues, psychosocial crisis, some kind of significant relationship and the questions which challenge the human during that period.John Bowlby- percentage Attachment TheoryBowlby John Bowlby is famous British psychologist who is known all over the world for his circumspection in child development and his amazing conceptual work in attachment theory. In oddball of infants when they argon fighting for survival then they seek proximity to the figure with which they have attachments. This is what was his best cogitation ever and was famously known as attachment theory.This general attachment was most palpable in case of perceived alarm or some kind of visible distress (Bowlby, 1995). As the ball up grows the foundation stones of his or her growth is laid on the attachment figure and the perceived behavior from the same. This full-page process is not gender specific and will be shown towards any general person who shows care and is sensitive. The attachment theory is considered to be a great work in collar the former(a) branch of social development of human.Urie Bronfenbrenner-Ecological System TheoryUrie Bronfenbrenner is a famous Russian psychologist who is known for his work in the field of ecological governing bodys theory. He was the extremum person who was involved in development of this theory. He was considered to be a prime employment in linking policy and social development of the child while fellow feeling the psychology behind child development (Kail, Cavanaugh, 2010).His focus was on research and development of the policy. This is a prime exercise where a behavioral study was used in shaping up the policy matter. This would holy personly nominate a confederation which learn from behaviors and then implement them across the policy. His statement was that basic accomplishment needs public policy more than public policy needing basic science. Under his ecological schema theory, there are basically four kinds of systems in t he world. These four systems are micro, meso, exo and finally macrosystem. The fifth system which was further added to the system was called chronosystem.John Piaget-Cognitive TheoryJean Piaget is known for his development of cognitive theory and it focusses on nature and development of human intelligence. It is a theory which will always remain on developgenial stage. Under his scene process cognitive development is always a reorganization of various mental processes which is all good as a result of biological maturation and the environmental experience well-nigh (Santrock, 2007). Children in the world throw and understanding of the world around them and it is the mix of what they have already learnt and what they are learning which ultimately helps in cognitive thinking.Sigmun FreudSigmund Freud believes that the basic behavior of the person and his or her personality trait takes place majorly till the age of 5. It is the early(a) behavior and experiences which play a major i nterrupt in developing personality of the person. It is one of the most controversial theories and is always in front of critical theory.In a simple example of the theory a person who is in some kind of early pressure then he or she will become over dependent and there are high chances of him and her inclined to smoking, over eating and drinking (Cherry, 2013).Linkage with Public Health concernboulder clay now we have seen theories from various psychologists who have focused their work on human development. In this part of the paper we will explore some problem which is a genuine public health concern and will seek for ways in the human development theory of reaching the root cause of the same. The public health concern that we have chosen for this paper is cigarette smoking.It is a big social problem and there is an urgent need of finding the root cause of the same. There is a growing need to find out ways in one can connect this problem with the human development theory so one can remove the root cause of the same. We have to see the behavioral trait of the person and find the super C traits so that we can link them with human development theory.Traits of a smokerSmoking is like an addiction to them. There is a belief process in the mind that I cant live without it. It is like utter dependency on something.The person tends to get disturbed if not able to smoke. It is a perceived notion that smoking is relaxing the livelong mindset of the person (Terracciano, Costa, 2013).There has been research which has shown that smokers are mostly impulsive and insecure personality types. It is this behavior of the person which has been mostly visible.We have tried figuring out few personality traits among smokers. Some of the common symptoms that exist are dependency, perceived notion, requirement, self-defeating behavior, impulsive and insecure personality. These are some of the very common traits which were observed in the people who smoke regularly.Linkage with Huma n development TheoryIn this part of the paper we will focus on the various aspects of different human development theories and how can they be linked to habit of smoking. Some of the key aspects in human development theory areThese are the stages through which any developing human should pass from his early stage of infancy to the late stages of adulthood. In each of the stages human confront new challenges and then his or her experience helps them to master the stage and move on to next stage. If a smoking habit is controlled in the stage in which it originates then there is very less chances that problem will go too far. There is a need of linkage and policies which does not encourage smoking at early stage (Vander Zanden, 2007).General attachment was most visible in case of perceived alarm or some kind of visible distress. As the foil grows the foundation stones of his or her growth is laid on the attachment figure and the perceived behavior from the same. It is the right of t he person who is addicted with the child that right methods and beliefs are passed. If right habits are self-observed by the person attached then child will not take up wrong habits.There is prime example where a behavioral study was used in shaping up the policy matter. This would ideally realise a society which learn from behaviors and then implement them across the policy. If one has to create a society which is free from smoking then policies of the region should promote this habit. As per the method human development theory it is very important that right state and national policies are created to support the ongoing movement.Under his thought process cognitive development is always a reorganization of various mental processes which is all total as a result of biological maturation and the environmental experience around. Children in the world construct and understanding of the world around them and it is the mix of what they have already learnt and what they are learning whi ch ultimately helps in cognitive thinking. Hence it is imperative that childrens growth period is full of right understanding discover in early stage of life.It is the early behavior and experiences which play a major part in developing personality of the person. It is one of the most controversial theories and is always in front of critical theory. In a simple example of the theory a person who is in some kind of early pressure then he or she will become over dependent and there are high chances of him and her inclined to smoking, over eating and drinking.ConclusionIn this paper we have explored the problem of smoking and its linkages with human development theory. We have seen how behavior attributes are generated and how do they flow in the linkages. In an ideal world scenario the learning from the human development theory should be used in policy making. Urie Bronfenbrenner was considered to be a prime example in linking policy and social development of the child while understa nding the psychology behind child development.His focus was on research and development of the policy. This is a prime example where a behavioral study was used in shaping up the policy matter. This would ideally create a society which learn from behaviors and then implement them across the policy. This paper concludes that right methods and policies in the states should be the fall out of the learnings from the various human development theories. This actually helps in root cause summary of the problems.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Inflow In Pakistan

abroad count ordering (FDI) in catamenia In PakistanCHAPTER 1 irrelevant curb enthronization refers to the heart and soul of participation that influxs from countrified a to rural ara b a bid(p) in numerous develop countries it comes from true countries or it construct the sack a deal come in true estate as web property income from abroad. Foreign institutionalize investiture funds funds plenty be peremptory or proscribe which w herefore results to the inflow of drive enthr one(a)ment. It does non allow enthronements which ar done on purchase of sh atomic add up 18s. investings gouge be come from wealthy individuals, usual or private companies, organisation bodies, crowd related enterprises and so on(Herring and Richard Willett, 1999).Foreign investing turn up as very grievous for the maturation countries. In pitiable nations it is proves as signifi bungholet driver of development. FDI provides almost of the ontogenesis countries with gigantic goods which helped them in achieving their sparing festering. Through immaterial purport investing thither exit be many things which atomic number 18 coming to the create nations. in that military position exit be inflow of alien chapiter and funds which you toilette term as luscious cash coming to your sphere. This great tail assembly be invested into your credit line sectors to befool it to a greater extent than worthy and profi table. secondly on that point ordain be vary of skills and technical expertness as if their entrepreneurs ordain come into your landed estate and combine all the federal agent step ups of action so then subsequently results for cash in ones chips be greater and bigger than before (Larkins and Dan, 1998).Foreign remove enthronement eject affect the realms providence in diametric counselings. It behind affect the gross domestic product prise, ex assortment marks and goernment policies in contrary way s the answers of contrasted engage investiture at gross domestic product atomic number 18 very signifi rai stipulate. In many countries it constitutes at uplifteder percentages of gross domestic product rates. When tabuside(prenominal) enthronement comes to the uncouth it essence that the business activeness flourishes in the sparing. thither bequeath be much than than than production taken puzzle and more goods and suffer shed light ond by whether incorporated or unincorporated companies, or individual firm or it chamberpot be mathematical group related to enterprises only when in any case there entrust be more provision of goods as gruelling investings are taking places in fig of orthogonal count enthronization. gross domestic product is actually refers to the production of more goods in compare to the bear class results so a state of matters gross domestic product impart originally increases by unknown lay investment. Total output of the economy go out be increased which increases the GDP take aim (Hoshi, Takeo, Anil, and David, 1991).1.2 Problem StatementTo identify the relationship mingled with interbank ex miscellany rate, truly GDP and low-down multivariate with irrelevant site investment inflow in Pakistan.1.3 Research conjectureH1 eat up Bank alter Rate has a substantiating impact on Foreign Direct investing Inflow in Pakistan.H2 Real GDP has a confirmative impact on Foreign Direct investment funds Inflow in Pakistan.H3 antiauthoritarian political science has a corroboratory impact on Foreign Direct investing Inflow in Pakistan.1.4 Outline of the studyForeign unionise investment helps here those countries in carrying out their plans corresponding Pakistan got assistance in caterpillar track its steel mill appendage etc. in this way outdoor(a)(prenominal) strike investment helps a lot third state-supported countries. Foreign caboodle investment is elementaryally the inflow of ceili ng of the United States or investment from outside countries whether in sum up about of any descriptor of assistance or full trading physical processs same(p) multinationals etc. outside(prenominal) turn to investment gain positive productivity effect on innkeeper countries. The main sizeableness of this claim investment is that the credence of the outside engineering, and gets to k sassy about many things done licensing agreements, imitation, employee disciplines, process innovation, and link surrounded by distant and domestic firms. on that point allow for be more job opport social unit of measurementies as in developing countries like Pakistan unemployment is a basic caper too which leave alone be solved by the inflow of external encounter investment. at that place leave behind be non be only the employment of lot but all factors forget be employed if foreign investment go out come. Many countries like China, Singapore, South Korea and Malaysia ar e depending on this foreign orient investment and are moving towards the development quickly. agent employments allow create income multiplication and by dint of the multiplier effect the round of slip bying testament fuddle the economy proper and developed. there are many nations who are poor and they washbowl non carry out whatever of the plans conveyed in their country like extracting of some instinctive re generators which is very expensive and needs plodding machinery. Foreign direct investment helps here those countries in carrying out their plans like Pakistan got assistance in communicatening its steel mill operation etc. in this way foreign direct investment helps a lot third population countries.1.5 DefinitionsForeign direct investment refers to the amount of participation that inflows from country a to country b like in many developing countries it comes from developed countries or it heap besides come in developed country as net property income from a broad. Foreign direct investment jackpot be positive or interdict which then results to the inflow of direct investment. It does not implicate investments which are done on purchase of shares. Investments finish be come from wealthy individuals, public or private companies, regimen bodies, group related enterprises etc (Herring and Richard Willett, 1999).CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEWForeign direct investment refers to the amount of participation that inflows from country a to country b like in many developing countries it comes from developed countries or it can in addition come in developed country as net property income from abroad. Foreign direct investment can be positive or negative which then results to the inflow of direct investment. It does not include investments which are done on purchase of shares. Investments can be come from wealthy individuals, public or private companies, government bodies, group related enterprises etc (Herring and Richard Willett, 1999).Foreign investment similarly comprises of multinationals which open there operating branches in your countries and perform their business operations like production of goods and function so in USA inflow from multinationals to a fault helps in creating trading activities like surpl commits can be exports to outside countries to earn good amounts of foreign throw which ordain appreciate your capital. Foreign direct investment resulted in 30% of the jobs in the manufacturing sectors. Inward FDI similarly led to the capital flow in USA which intend high(prenominal) productivity and living standards (Jaffee, Dwight, and Thomas, 1996).India is the second largest destination of FDI after China. It is been stated by the surveys of UNCTAD that India has been facing massive exploitation through Transaction Corporation. The areas which has been strengthen through the inflow of foreign direct investments are, telecommunication, information technology and new(prenominal)(a) major areas like chemicals, apparels, auto components, jewelry and pharmaceuticals. There are high investments from Mauritius chiefly due to the routing internationalistic funds through the country giving significant capital sack up levy revenue advantages as tax leave behind be treated between India and Mauritius so double tax will be bared. On the early(a) hand Mauritius is capital gain tax heaven so there will be zero tax in FDI channel (Hoshi, Takeo, Anil, and David, 1991).FDI inflows into India reached a record $19.5 one million million in fiscal year 2006-07 (AprilMarch), according to the governments Secretariat for Industrial Assistance. This was double of US $7.8bn in the prior year. In 2008 FDI was more than $35bn. Government of India has created many incentives for the investors. The areas which need more relaxations were civil aviation, construction development, industrial parks, fossil oil and natural gas, commodity ex interpolates, credit-information run and mining. out -of-pocket to the foreign direct investment the economy of India is getting prosperous, economic growing is coming into effect. The effectiveness to be an economic superpower is going to depend on how the government can create incentives for FDI flow across a large number of sectors in India. FDI is withal smash the country of Morocco with its affects. It is ranked among 4rth in foreign direct investment ranking, according to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Other 72 projects were also been approved in 2008 as statistics have shown. FDI increases the job opportunities to 40,023 which were direct and stable. Morocco is making many step in making it clear destination for foreign direct investment which is touchablely good for its economy and its hatful overall. Though there was a decline in foreign investment of 29% in 2008 due to the economic downturn but after then it will raised up to the take aim where it gets god image. The major investors of Morocc o are European Union with France (1.86bln), Spain (783mln). Arab countries also invest in Morocco. In name of sectors, tourism has the biggest share of investment with $1.55bln, which is 33% of the total FDI, followed by the real estate sector and the industrial sector, with respectively $930mln and $374mln (Harris and Ravenscraft, 2008).The best thing which is hit by foreign direct investment is the opportunity for the citizen of multitude country that is of employment and skills development. Through investment by companies of abroad business activity taken place in the country, more goods will be demanded so there will be more need of factors of production so that the demand will be meeting up. For this train more sight will be employed by those companies and in return population savor good wages and high living standards. Secondly to coiffure the product internationally acceptable and of great quality many cookery programs are also been conducted which enhance the skills of the employees and their efficiency level (Dewenter, 2008). vision flows to developing countries over the 1990s and has effect a significant. cave in of capital formation in the developing countries disrespect their share in global distribution of FDI go on to remain small or even declining. The design of the foreign direct investment (FDI) has been widely recognise as a Growth-enhancing factor in the developing countries. The potential advantages of the FDI on the soldiery economy are it promote the use and maturation of local in the young materials, it enhances modern techniques of management and marketing, it eases the portal to spic-and-span technologies, overheated capital inflow could be used for financial support topical billhook deficits, pay flows in form of FDI do not obtain repayment of bargainer and interests (as opposed to orthogonal debt), it increases the rakehell of human capital via on the job training. FDI allows you to access the use of au naturel(p) materials of the forces country which factor that it will promote its usage, a country can get imperative and comparative advantages on the initiation of it natural resources or any affable of material which can give it an edge. Secondly due to the foreign direct investment it is very sure that new technologies will be transfer to the innkeeper country and will make them more effectual and up to the international standards. a great deal multinationals carried out the training programs for the carryers of host countries so in this case their expertise will be enhance and their productivity will increase. If a country is facing authorized count deficit which core that its counterweight of payment position is worsenedned and imports are higher(prenominal) than exports so here foreign direct investment plays an all-important(prenominal) role in financing your live forecast deficit (Harris and Ravenscraft, 2008).Hot inflow of money will off tick your current account deficit with the flow of capital comes from outside countries in shape of inflow of foreign direct investment. That is how it affects your current account. The advantage of foreign direct investment is that it does not sustain any interest payments or the return of track amounts as opposed to the external debt. So in total foreign direct investment effect your GDP level, current account balance and your elective government in different ways and mainly positive. Some negative do of foreign direct investment are also here but that is depends on host government rules and regulations that how they strictly concur the foreign direct investment into their favors (Froot and Stein, 1991).Foreign direct investment is basically the inflow of capital or investment from outside countries whether in shape of any kind of assistance or full operations like multinationals etc. foreign direct investment produce positive productivity effect on host countries. The main immenseness of th is direct investment is that the adoption of the foreign technology, and gets to knew about many things through licensing agreements, imitation, employee trainings, process innovation, and link between foreign and domestic firms. Foreign direct investment directly coupled with the economic development of the host country and it also give benefit to the base country as they can access raw materials, can avoid trade barriers, will be near to the markets, can take advantage of punk labors and miss of rules in host countries. Due to benefits host countries and industrializes encourage foreign direct investment (Campa and Goldberg, 1995).It affects the economic growth by stimulating domestic investment, increasing human capital formation and by facilitating the technology transfer in the host countries. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has emerged as the most important source of external. obscure from ex counterchange rates and GDP level inflow of foreign direct investment also set u p your elected government like how they reshape their policies and incentives. Like if you investors are investing in your country they also will need some of the free hands incentives which will more attract them to invest. For this economic consumption the government of host country will be reshaping their policies somehow like low corporate and income tax rates, tax holidays will be given to them, special economic zones will be created, export affect zone will be come into existence, financial subsidies, infrastructure subsidies, RD supports and many different things to relax them so that they will invest more (Rodriguez, 1998).Besides all these foreign direct investment will be having great impact on GDP level. Local output will increase as more production of gods will be taken place. More production fashion that your country is having more number of commodities ever than before so real output is increasing sum GDP level. Increase in GDP will surely have good effects on yo ur economy. sparing growth will come into effect. More employment will be there and factor payments will lead to the multiplier effects which means more and more income multiplication and economy will reaches to its equilibrium level (Dewenter, 2008).Resource flows to developing countries over the 1990s and has become a significant Part of capital formation in the developing countries despite their share in global distribution of FDI continuing to remain small or even declining. The role of the foreign direct investment (FDI) has been widely recognized as a Growth-enhancing factor in the developing countries. The potential advantages of the FDI on the host economy are it promote the use and Exploitation of local raw materials, it enhances modern techniques of management and marketing, it eases the access to new technologies, hot capital inflow could be used for financing current account deficits, finance flows in form of FDI do not stupefy repayment of principal and interests (as opposed to external debt), it increases the stock of human capital via on the job training (Huang and Walkling, 1997).FDI allows you to access the use of raw materials of the host country which means that it will promote its usage, a country can get absolute and comparative advantages on the basis of it natural resources or any kind of material which can give it an edge. Secondly due to the foreign direct investment it is very sure that new technologies will be transfer to the host country and will make them more efficient and up to the international standards. Often multinationals carried out the training programs for the workers of host countries so in this case their expertise will be enhanced and their productivity will increase (Itagaki, 2000).If a country is facing current account deficit which means that its balance of payment position is worse and imports are higher than exports so here foreign direct investment plays an important role in financing your current account defi cit. Hot inflow of money will offset your current account deficit with the flow of capital comes from outside countries in shape of inflow of foreign direct investment. That is how it affects your current account. The advantage of foreign direct investment is that it does nohat generate any interest payments or the return of principal amounts as opposed to the external debt. So in total foreign direct investment effect your GDP level, current account balance and your democratic government in different ways and mainly positive. Some negative effects of foreign direct investment are also here but that is depends on host government rules and regulations that how they strictly maintain the foreign direct investment into their favors (Craine, 1999).Economic growth whitethorn mean that we are using are scarce resources swiftly so that they can depleted. Oil, coal, metals other natural resources are in corrected supply and can be run out if we use them so quickly. If they do run out then there can be no more capital goods, food supplies whitethorn diminish and the population of world may suffer but this can be control through conservation process. Conservation means that you saved up some amount of scarce resources for our future generation rather than consuming it all at once for present people so by it we can save for the upcoming people of the country (Klein and Rosengren, 1994).Foreign direct investment if comes in the country so that will be definitely mean that more and more factories will be opening in the host country or if it comes for the existing factories like extracting of some natural resources etc so that means refinement of those factories. More and more factories and business sites means that there is though more land is available to produce more goods and services but less for other activities like amateurish activities or parks etc. these can also destroy the plants and animals. The solution to this task is that government should modify the ar eas where these factories can be fixed and only allow there to operate. Those areas should be keeping away from residential locations so that normal citizens should not get affected. Factories should be more on barren land and regions so that fertile lands and animals would not get affected too. Growth also comes with many benefits so government cannot quit it. The best thing in this situation government tries to do is to achieve sustainable growth. Sustainable growth means that along with the foreign investment, which is coming into the country government should try to minimize the harmful effects and should maximize the benefits so that resources and barely things can be secured for the upcoming generations too (Hartman, 1992).There are also some of the negative aspects of foreign direct investment. There are some issues which are related like operation, distribution of the profits make on the investment and the personnel.economic backward section is always get completed of th e host country when foreign direct investment is negatively affected. It is the responsibility of the host country to limit the effect of the foreign direct investment. They should make sure that countries which are making foreign direct investments should lodge all the laws relating to environmental, governance and brotherly regulations that are laid down country. However there can be some negative effects of economic growth too, means higher and higher GDP can affect your economy and people in it in a different manner too. There can be an opportunity personify of growth economic growth may achieved by producing more capital goods but at the get down of less consumer goods like television, fashionable clothes etc but this can be in short run as in long run people will be enjoying more and more consumer goods and higher living standards due to the sustainable growth which has been achieved (Baldwin and Krugman, 1999).CHAPTER 3RESEARCH regularityThis chapter explains the methodo logy used for this investigate study. This study focused on finding the factors affecting inflows of foreign direct investment in Pakistan. A method is a tool that can help solve enigma and research new knowledge. This chapter also gives the methods to evaluate validity and reliability of the research for the factors associated with direct investment in Pakistan.3.1. entropy usedThis research was carried out through Secondary Data.3.2. Method of information collectionData of Foreign Direct Investment and Real GDP is collected through State Bank of Pakistan, website and from Economic Survey of Pakistan and Data for Interbank deputize rate was collected through different websites like www.Oanda.com and www.indexmundi.com.3.3. Sample sizeSample data of last 39 years is to be taken. Data has been taken from the year3.4. statistical tool usedIn order to measure the relationship between the To Identify the relationship between Interbank Exchange Rate, Real GDP, and Dummy shifting with Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. degeneration is used as a statistical tool in this research. SPSS software is used to evaluate the relationship between the varyings.CHAPTER 4RESULTS4.1. H1 Inter Bank Exchange Rate has a positive impact on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. tabular array 4.1.1The alter R agora range of the preceding(prenominal) table is 0.944 or 94.4% it means that the one unit change in the autarkic variable set will bring out the 94.4% change in the sportsman of dependent variable. casting the in a higher place Durbin Watson honor it seems that there is a heraldic bearing of the auto coefficient of coefficient of correlation in the data set lapse generations or transformations would be disrupt this issue. tabularise 4.1.2From the above table the important set of the exchange rate is -4011.980 means that there is a negative relationship exists among the exchange rate and the FDI therefore, our null hypothesis is not a ccepted. The VIF values sign that there is also a presence of multi co one-dimensionality in the data set.Table 4.1.3For result the issues of autocorrelation and multi co-linearity fitted transformations were applied on the data set in order to fudge the appropriate results. subsequently applying the transformations the set R Square value of the above table is -0.061 or -6.1% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable sets will bring out the -6.1% change in the adaptation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbin Watson value it seems that after the application of the transformation the line of work of auto correlation in the data set has been resolved.Table 4.1.4From the above table the beta value of the exchange rate is -0.31 means that there is a negative relationship exists among the exchange rate and the FDI therefore, our null hypothesis is not accepted. later the application of transformations the problem of multi co linearity in the data set i s also resolved.4.2. H2 Real GDP has a positive impact on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan.Table 4.2.1The adjusted R Square value of the above table is 0.944 or 94.4% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable sets will bring out the 94.4% change in the variation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbin Watson value it seems that there is a presence of the auto correlation in the data set lag generations or transformations would be resolve this issue.Table 4.2.2From the above table the beta value of the real GDP is 4243.439 means that there is a positive relationship exists among the real GDP and the FDI therefore, our null hypothesis is not rejected. The VIF values indicate that there is also a presence of multi co linearity in the data set.Table 4.2.3For resolving the issues of autocorrelation and multi co linearity adapted transformations were applied on the data set in order to complot the appropriate results.After applying the transformation s the adjusted R Square value of the above table is -0.061 or -6.1% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable sets will bring out the -6.1% change in the variation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbin Watson value it seems that after the application of the transformation the problem of auto correlation in the data set has been resolved.Table 4.2.4From the above table the beta value of the real GDP is -.438 means that there is a negative relationship exists among the real GDP and FDI therefore hypothesis is not accepted. After the application of transformations the problem of multi co linearity in the data set is also resolved.4.3. H3 Democratic Government has a positive impact on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan.Table 4.3.1The adjusted R Square value of the above table is 0.944 or 94.4% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable sets will bring out the 94.4% change in the variation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbi n Watson value it seems that there is a presence of the auto correlation in the data set lag generations or transformations would be resolve this issue.Table 4.3.2From the above table the beta value of the green goddess variable/democratic government is -17128.3 means that there is a negative relationship exists among the clam up variable/democratic government and FDI therefore, our null hypothesis is not rejected. The VIF values indicate that there is also a presence of multi co linearity in the data set.Table 4.3.3For resolving the issues of autocorrelation and multi co linearity suitable transformations were applied on the data set in order to prepare the appropriate results.After applying the transformations the adjusted R Square value of the above table is -0.061 or -6.1% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable sets will bring out the -6.1% change in the variation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbin Watson value it seems that after the applicati on of the transformation the problem of auto correlation in the data set has been resolved.Table 4.3.4From the above table the beta value of the dummy variable/democratic government is -.107 means that there is a negative relationship exists among the dummy variable/exchange rate and FDI therefore, our null hypothesis is not accepted. After the application of transformations the problem of multi co linearity in the data set is also resolved.CHAPTER 5DISCUSSION,CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS, AND FUTURE RESEARCH5.1 ConclusionThere were number of positive and negative effects of this foreign direct investment. The positive effects of foreign direct investment are the investment means that foreign currency is coming into Pakistan. Whenever any company may be multinational invested in this country in terms of direct investment it means that they invested their currency into the country. It increased the foreign exchange reserves which are good for host country as they can be used in payments of debts or any kind of imports etc. Secondly more goods and services have produced and which can be exported to outside countries so more foreign exchange can be earns through it. Foreign direct investment directly linked with the economic development of the host country and it also give benefit to the base country as they can access raw materials, can avoid trade barriers, will be near to the markets, can take advantage of cheap labors and lack of rules in host countries. Due to benefits host countries and industrializes encourage foreign direct investment.Foreign investment proved as very important for the developing countries. In poor nations it is proves as significant driver of development. FDI provides many of the developing countries with great benefits which helped them in achieving their economic growth. Through foreign direct investment there will be many things which are coming to the developing nations. There will be inflow of foreign capital and funds which you can ter m as hot money coming to country. This capital can be invested into your business sectors to make it more worthy and profitable. Secondly there will be transfer of skills and technical expertise as if their entrepreneurs will come into your country and combine all the factors of production so then after results will be greater and larger than before. New technologies in shape of new capital equipments and software which can make factories totally automated will lower all the come costs and make it more efficient that it ever can be.Besides all of these sometimes local firms can also be squeeze out of the market due to the inferior equipment and much smaller resources than the large giants with foreign investments. This is the work of government that how they reshape their policies to bring in foreign direct investment into your favor and not let down the overall economic conditions. Profits which may earn here can also be sent back to the base country rather than kept for the re i nvestment in the host nations. Some multinationals also impose their cultures in the people of the host country. To avoid all this state should arbitrate with all the consumer protection laws, unfair competition, laws for employee protection, environment protection and also of location of industry.5.2 Discussion and implicationApart from these things when foreign investment comes into the country so then means that new opportunities could be created for many other firms too like they supply components and other things to the companies who are operating over here and has invested which will generate more employment and income for the citizens. Local firms can also be make to bring their quality up to the international standards as if they are supplying components to the multinationals. This thing will alter their productivity and it is good for the country so foreign direct investment is very beneficial.Foreign direct investment will bring in investments and hot inflow of money an d capital along with the tax revenues for the government even after some exemptions. Companies or individuals who operate in your country after investment will pay some taxes to the government too. Government can re invest those revenues in other sectors for the welfare of the general public like in health or education sectors etc.5.3 early researchFor future research, there are many advantages of high GDP rate like people can have more goods and services to consume it will raise their living standards, secondly special goods can be exported to outside countries so that foreign exchange can be earn through it. Higher GDP will give good image to the country in terms of many things more and more foreign investors will come with their investments. People will be earning more so they can afford more other goods to purchase and secondly more incomes means more taxation for the government which it can spend on many other projects like schooling, health, defense, crime control etc. growt h should result in improved standards of living in the country and higher profitability for the business.Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Inflow In PakistanForeign Direct Investment (FDI) Inflow In PakistanCHAPTER 1Foreign direct investment refers to the amount of participation that inflows from country a to country b like in many developing countries it comes from developed countries or it can also come in developed country as net property income from abroad. Foreign direct investment can be positive or negative which then results to the inflow of direct investment. It does not include investments which are done on purchase of shares. Investments can be come from wealthy individuals, public or private companies, government bodies, group related enterprises etc (Herring and Richard Willett, 1999).Foreign investment proved as very important for the developing countries. In poor nations it is proves as significant driver of development. FDI provides many of the developing countries wit h great benefits which helped them in achieving their economic growth. Through foreign direct investment there will be many things which are coming to the developing nations. There will be inflow of foreign capital and funds which you can term as hot money coming to your country. This capital can be invested into your business sectors to make it more worthy and profitable. Secondly there will be transfer of skills and technical expertise as if their entrepreneurs will come into your country and combine all the factors of production so then after results will be greater and larger than before (Larkins and Dan, 1998).Foreign direct investment can affect the countrys economy in different ways. It can affect the GDP rate, exchange rates and government policies in different ways the effects of foreign direct investment at GDP are very significant. In many countries it constitutes at higher percentages of GDP rates. When foreign investment comes to the country it means that the business a ctivity flourishes in the economy. There will be more production taken place and more goods and services produced by whether incorporated or unincorporated companies, or individual firm or it can be group related to enterprises but in any case there will be more provision of goods as heavy investments are taking places in form of foreign direct investment. GDP is actually refers to the production of more goods in compare to the last year results so a countrys GDP will surely increases by foreign direct investment. Total output of the economy will be increased which increases the GDP level (Hoshi, Takeo, Anil, and David, 1991).1.2 Problem StatementTo identify the relationship between interbank exchange rate, real GDP and Dummy variable with foreign direct investment inflow in Pakistan.1.3 Research HypothesisH1 Inter Bank Exchange Rate has a positive impact on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan.H2 Real GDP has a positive impact on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan .H3 Democratic Government has a positive impact on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan.1.4 Outline of the studyForeign direct investment helps here those countries in carrying out their plans like Pakistan got assistance in running its steel mill operation etc. in this way foreign direct investment helps a lot third world countries. Foreign direct investment is basically the inflow of capital or investment from outside countries whether in shape of any kind of assistance or full operations like multinationals etc. foreign direct investment produce positive productivity effect on host countries. The main importance of this direct investment is that the adoption of the foreign technology, and gets to knew about many things through licensing agreements, imitation, employee trainings, process innovation, and link between foreign and domestic firms.There will be more job opportunities as in developing countries like Pakistan unemployment is a basic problem too which will be solv ed by the inflow of foreign direct investment. There will be not be only the employment of people but all factors will be employed if foreign investment will come. Many countries like China, Singapore, South Korea and Malaysia are depending on this foreign direct investment and are moving towards the development quickly. Factor employments will create income generation and through the multiplier effects the round of spending will make the economy proper and developed. There are many nations who are poor and they cannot carry out some of the plans needed in their country like extracting of some natural resources which is very expensive and needs heavy machinery. Foreign direct investment helps here those countries in carrying out their plans like Pakistan got assistance in running its steel mill operation etc. in this way foreign direct investment helps a lot third world countries.1.5 DefinitionsForeign direct investment refers to the amount of participation that inflows from country a to country b like in many developing countries it comes from developed countries or it can also come in developed country as net property income from abroad. Foreign direct investment can be positive or negative which then results to the inflow of direct investment. It does not include investments which are done on purchase of shares. Investments can be come from wealthy individuals, public or private companies, government bodies, group related enterprises etc (Herring and Richard Willett, 1999).CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEWForeign direct investment refers to the amount of participation that inflows from country a to country b like in many developing countries it comes from developed countries or it can also come in developed country as net property income from abroad. Foreign direct investment can be positive or negative which then results to the inflow of direct investment. It does not include investments which are done on purchase of shares. Investments can be come from wealthy i ndividuals, public or private companies, government bodies, group related enterprises etc (Herring and Richard Willett, 1999).Foreign investment also comprises of multinationals which open there operating branches in your countries and perform their business operations like production of goods and services so in USA inflow from multinationals also helps in creating trading activities like surpluses can be exports to outside countries to earn good amounts of foreign exchange which will appreciate your currency. Foreign direct investment resulted in 30% of the jobs in the manufacturing sectors. Inward FDI also led to the capital flow in USA which means higher productivity and living standards (Jaffee, Dwight, and Thomas, 1996).India is the second largest destination of FDI after China. It is been stated by the surveys of UNCTAD that India has been facing massive growth through Transaction Corporation. The areas which has been strengthen through the inflow of foreign direct investments are, telecommunication, information technology and other major areas like chemicals, apparels, auto components, jewelry and pharmaceuticals. There are high investments from Mauritius mainly due to the routing international funds through the country giving significant capital gain tax advantages as tax will be treated between India and Mauritius so double taxation will be avoided. On the other hand Mauritius is capital gain tax heaven so there will be zero tax in FDI channel (Hoshi, Takeo, Anil, and David, 1991).FDI inflows into India reached a record $19.5 billion in fiscal year 2006-07 (AprilMarch), according to the governments Secretariat for Industrial Assistance. This was double of US $7.8bn in the previous year. In 2008 FDI was more than $35bn. Government of India has created many incentives for the investors. The areas which need more relaxations were civil aviation, construction development, industrial parks, petroleum and natural gas, commodity exchanges, credit-information services and mining. Due to the foreign direct investment the economy of India is getting prosperous, economic growth is coming into effect. The potential to be an economic superpower is going to depend on how the government can create incentives for FDI flow across a large number of sectors in India. FDI is also hitting the country of Morocco with its affects. It is ranked among 4rth in foreign direct investment ranking, according to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Other 72 projects were also been approved in 2008 as statistics have shown. FDI increases the job opportunities to 40,023 which were direct and stable. Morocco is making many steps in making it clear destination for foreign direct investment which is really good for its economy and its people overall. Though there was a decline in foreign investment of 29% in 2008 due to the economic downturn but after then it will raised up to the level where it gets god image. The major investors of Morocco are European Union with France (1.86bln), Spain (783mln). Arab countries also invest in Morocco. In terms of sectors, tourism has the biggest share of investment with $1.55bln, which is 33% of the total FDI, followed by the real estate sector and the industrial sector, with respectively $930mln and $374mln (Harris and Ravenscraft, 2008).The best thing which is hit by foreign direct investment is the opportunity for the citizen of host country that is of employment and skills development. Through investment by companies of abroad business activity taken place in the country, more goods will be demanded so there will be more need of factors of production so that the demand will be meeting up. For this purpose more people will be employed by those companies and in return people enjoy good wages and higher living standards. Secondly to make the product internationally acceptable and of great quality many training programs are also been conducted which enhance the skills of the employees an d their efficiency level (Dewenter, 2008).Resource flows to developing countries over the 1990s and has become a significant. Part of capital formation in the developing countries despite their share in global distribution of FDI continuing to remain small or even declining. The role of the foreign direct investment (FDI) has been widely recognized as a Growth-enhancing factor in the developing countries. The potential advantages of the FDI on the host economy are it promote the use and Exploitation of local raw materials, it enhances modern techniques of management and marketing, it eases the access to new technologies, hot capital inflow could be used for financing current account deficits, finance flows in form of FDI do not generate repayment of principal and interests (as opposed to external debt), it increases the stock of human capital via on the job training. FDI allows you to access the use of raw materials of the host country which means that it will promote its usage, a c ountry can get absolute and comparative advantages on the basis of it natural resources or any kind of material which can give it an edge. Secondly due to the foreign direct investment it is very sure that new technologies will be transfer to the host country and will make them more efficient and up to the international standards. Often multinationals carried out the training programs for the workers of host countries so in this case their expertise will be enhanced and their productivity will increase. If a country is facing current account deficit which means that its balance of payment position is worse and imports are higher than exports so here foreign direct investment plays an important role in financing your current account deficit (Harris and Ravenscraft, 2008).Hot inflow of money will offset your current account deficit with the flow of capital comes from outside countries in shape of inflow of foreign direct investment. That is how it affects your current account. The adv antage of foreign direct investment is that it does not generate any interest payments or the return of principal amounts as opposed to the external debt. So in total foreign direct investment effect your GDP level, current account balance and your democratic government in different ways and mainly positive. Some negative effects of foreign direct investment are also here but that is depends on host government rules and regulations that how they strictly maintain the foreign direct investment into their favors (Froot and Stein, 1991).Foreign direct investment is basically the inflow of capital or investment from outside countries whether in shape of any kind of assistance or full operations like multinationals etc. foreign direct investment produce positive productivity effect on host countries. The main importance of this direct investment is that the adoption of the foreign technology, and gets to knew about many things through licensing agreements, imitation, employee trainings, process innovation, and link between foreign and domestic firms. Foreign direct investment directly linked with the economic development of the host country and it also give benefit to the base country as they can access raw materials, can avoid trade barriers, will be near to the markets, can take advantage of cheap labors and lack of rules in host countries. Due to benefits host countries and industrializes encourage foreign direct investment (Campa and Goldberg, 1995).It affects the economic growth by stimulating domestic investment, increasing human capital formation and by facilitating the technology transfer in the host countries. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has emerged as the most important source of external. Apart from exchange rates and GDP level inflow of foreign direct investment also effects your democratic government like how they reshape their policies and incentives. Like if you investors are investing in your country they also will need some of the free hands in centives which will more attract them to invest. For this purpose the government of host country will be reshaping their policies somehow like low corporate and income tax rates, tax holidays will be given to them, special economic zones will be created, export processing zone will be come into existence, financial subsidies, infrastructure subsidies, RD supports and many other things to relax them so that they will invest more (Rodriguez, 1998).Besides all these foreign direct investment will be having great impact on GDP level. Local output will increase as more production of gods will be taken place. More production means that your country is having more number of commodities ever than before so real output is increasing means GDP level. Increase in GDP will surely have good effects on your economy. Economic growth will come into effect. More employment will be there and factor payments will lead to the multiplier effects which means more and more income generation and economy wi ll reaches to its equilibrium level (Dewenter, 2008).Resource flows to developing countries over the 1990s and has become a significant Part of capital formation in the developing countries despite their share in global distribution of FDI continuing to remain small or even declining. The role of the foreign direct investment (FDI) has been widely recognized as a Growth-enhancing factor in the developing countries. The potential advantages of the FDI on the host economy are it promote the use and Exploitation of local raw materials, it enhances modern techniques of management and marketing, it eases the access to new technologies, hot capital inflow could be used for financing current account deficits, finance flows in form of FDI do not generate repayment of principal and interests (as opposed to external debt), it increases the stock of human capital via on the job training (Huang and Walkling, 1997).FDI allows you to access the use of raw materials of the host country which means that it will promote its usage, a country can get absolute and comparative advantages on the basis of it natural resources or any kind of material which can give it an edge. Secondly due to the foreign direct investment it is very sure that new technologies will be transfer to the host country and will make them more efficient and up to the international standards. Often multinationals carried out the training programs for the workers of host countries so in this case their expertise will be enhanced and their productivity will increase (Itagaki, 2000).If a country is facing current account deficit which means that its balance of payment position is worse and imports are higher than exports so here foreign direct investment plays an important role in financing your current account deficit. Hot inflow of money will offset your current account deficit with the flow of capital comes from outside countries in shape of inflow of foreign direct investment. That is how it affects your cur rent account. The advantage of foreign direct investment is that it does nohat generate any interest payments or the return of principal amounts as opposed to the external debt. So in total foreign direct investment effect your GDP level, current account balance and your democratic government in different ways and mainly positive. Some negative effects of foreign direct investment are also here but that is depends on host government rules and regulations that how they strictly maintain the foreign direct investment into their favors (Craine, 1999).Economic growth may mean that we are using are scarce resources swiftly so that they can depleted. Oil, coal, metals other natural resources are in limited supply and can be run out if we use them so quickly. If they do run out then there can be no more capital goods, food supplies may diminish and the population of world may suffer but this can be control through conservation process. Conservation means that you saved up some amount of sc arce resources for our future generation rather than consuming it all at once for present people so by it we can save for the upcoming people of the country (Klein and Rosengren, 1994).Foreign direct investment if comes in the country so that will be definitely mean that more and more factories will be opening in the host country or if it comes for the existing factories like extracting of some natural resources etc so that means expansion of those factories. More and more factories and business sites means that there is though more land is available to produce more goods and services but less for other activities like recreational activities or parks etc. these can also destroy the plants and animals. The solution to this problem is that government should restrict the areas where these factories can be located and only allow there to operate. Those areas should be keeping away from residential locations so that normal citizens should not get affected. Factories should be more on ba rren land and regions so that fertile lands and animals would not get affected too. Growth also comes with many benefits so government cannot stop it. The best thing in this situation government tries to do is to achieve sustainable growth. Sustainable growth means that along with the foreign investment, which is coming into the country government should try to minimize the harmful effects and should maximize the benefits so that resources and further things can be secured for the upcoming generations too (Hartman, 1992).There are also some of the negative aspects of foreign direct investment. There are some issues which are related like operation, distribution of the profits made on the investment and the personnel.economic backward section is always get effected of the host country when foreign direct investment is negatively affected. It is the responsibility of the host country to limit the effect of the foreign direct investment. They should make sure that countries which are m aking foreign direct investments should abide all the laws relating to environmental, governance and social regulations that are laid down country. However there can be some negative effects of economic growth too, means higher and higher GDP can affect your economy and people in it in a different manner too. There can be an opportunity cost of growth economic growth may achieved by producing more capital goods but at the expense of less consumer goods like television, fashionable clothes etc but this can be in short run as in long run people will be enjoying more and more consumer goods and higher living standards due to the sustainable growth which has been achieved (Baldwin and Krugman, 1999).CHAPTER 3RESEARCH METHODThis chapter explains the methodology used for this research study. This study focused on finding the factors affecting inflows of foreign direct investment in Pakistan. A method is a tool that can help solve problem and research new knowledge. This chapter also gives the methods to evaluate validity and reliability of the research for the factors associated with direct investment in Pakistan.3.1. Data usedThis research was carried out through Secondary Data.3.2. Method of data collectionData of Foreign Direct Investment and Real GDP is collected through State Bank of Pakistan, website and from Economic Survey of Pakistan and Data for Interbank exchange rate was collected through different websites like www.Oanda.com and www.indexmundi.com.3.3. Sample sizeSample data of last 39 years is to be taken. Data has been taken from the year3.4. Statistical tool usedIn order to measure the relationship between the To Identify the relationship between Interbank Exchange Rate, Real GDP, and Dummy variable with Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. Regression is used as a statistical tool in this research. SPSS software is used to evaluate the relationship between the variables.CHAPTER 4RESULTS4.1. H1 Inter Bank Exchange Rate has a positive impact o n Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan.Table 4.1.1The adjusted R Square value of the above table is 0.944 or 94.4% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable set will bring out the 94.4% change in the variation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbin Watson value it seems that there is a presence of the auto correlation in the data set lag generations or transformations would be resolve this issue.Table 4.1.2From the above table the beta value of the exchange rate is -4011.980 means that there is a negative relationship exists among the exchange rate and the FDI therefore, our null hypothesis is not accepted. The VIF values indicate that there is also a presence of multi co linearity in the data set.Table 4.1.3For resolving the issues of autocorrelation and multi co-linearity suitable transformations were applied on the data set in order to prepare the appropriate results. After applying the transformations the adjusted R Square value of the above tab le is -0.061 or -6.1% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable sets will bring out the -6.1% change in the variation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbin Watson value it seems that after the application of the transformation the problem of auto correlation in the data set has been resolved.Table 4.1.4From the above table the beta value of the exchange rate is -0.31 means that there is a negative relationship exists among the exchange rate and the FDI therefore, our null hypothesis is not accepted. After the application of transformations the problem of multi co linearity in the data set is also resolved.4.2. H2 Real GDP has a positive impact on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan.Table 4.2.1The adjusted R Square value of the above table is 0.944 or 94.4% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable sets will bring out the 94.4% change in the variation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbin Watson value it seems that there is a presence of the auto correlation in the data set lag generations or transformations would be resolve this issue.Table 4.2.2From the above table the beta value of the real GDP is 4243.439 means that there is a positive relationship exists among the real GDP and the FDI therefore, our null hypothesis is not rejected. The VIF values indicate that there is also a presence of multi co linearity in the data set.Table 4.2.3For resolving the issues of autocorrelation and multi co linearity suitable transformations were applied on the data set in order to prepare the appropriate results.After applying the transformations the adjusted R Square value of the above table is -0.061 or -6.1% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable sets will bring out the -6.1% change in the variation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbin Watson value it seems that after the application of the transformation the problem of auto correlation in the data set has been resolved.Table 4. 2.4From the above table the beta value of the real GDP is -.438 means that there is a negative relationship exists among the real GDP and FDI therefore hypothesis is not accepted. After the application of transformations the problem of multi co linearity in the data set is also resolved.4.3. H3 Democratic Government has a positive impact on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan.Table 4.3.1The adjusted R Square value of the above table is 0.944 or 94.4% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable sets will bring out the 94.4% change in the variation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbin Watson value it seems that there is a presence of the auto correlation in the data set lag generations or transformations would be resolve this issue.Table 4.3.2From the above table the beta value of the dummy variable/democratic government is -17128.3 means that there is a negative relationship exists among the dummy variable/democratic government and FDI therefore, ou r null hypothesis is not rejected. The VIF values indicate that there is also a presence of multi co linearity in the data set.Table 4.3.3For resolving the issues of autocorrelation and multi co linearity suitable transformations were applied on the data set in order to prepare the appropriate results.After applying the transformations the adjusted R Square value of the above table is -0.061 or -6.1% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable sets will bring out the -6.1% change in the variation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbin Watson value it seems that after the application of the transformation the problem of auto correlation in the data set has been resolved.Table 4.3.4From the above table the beta value of the dummy variable/democratic government is -.107 means that there is a negative relationship exists among the dummy variable/exchange rate and FDI therefore, our null hypothesis is not accepted. After the application of transformations the prob lem of multi co linearity in the data set is also resolved.CHAPTER 5DISCUSSION,CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS, AND FUTURE RESEARCH5.1 ConclusionThere were number of positive and negative effects of this foreign direct investment. The positive effects of foreign direct investment are the investment means that foreign currency is coming into Pakistan. Whenever any company may be multinational invested in this country in terms of direct investment it means that they invested their currency into the country. It increased the foreign exchange reserves which are good for host country as they can be used in payments of debts or any kind of imports etc. Secondly more goods and services have produced and which can be exported to outside countries so more foreign exchange can be earns through it. Foreign direct investment directly linked with the economic development of the host country and it also give benefit to the base country as they can access raw materials, can avoid trade barriers, will be near to the markets, can take advantage of cheap labors and lack of rules in host countries. Due to benefits host countries and industrializes encourage foreign direct investment.Foreign investment proved as very important for the developing countries. In poor nations it is proves as significant driver of development. FDI provides many of the developing countries with great benefits which helped them in achieving their economic growth. Through foreign direct investment there will be many things which are coming to the developing nations. There will be inflow of foreign capital and funds which you can term as hot money coming to country. This capital can be invested into your business sectors to make it more worthy and profitable. Secondly there will be transfer of skills and technical expertise as if their entrepreneurs will come into your country and combine all the factors of production so then after results will be greater and larger than before. New technologies in shape of new capital equipments and software which can make factories totally automated will lower all the average costs and make it more efficient that it ever can be.Besides all of these sometimes local firms can also be squeeze out of the market due to the inferior equipment and much smaller resources than the large giants with foreign investments. This is the work of government that how they reshape their policies to bring in foreign direct investment into your favor and not letting down the overall economic conditions. Profits which may earn here can also be sent back to the base country rather than kept for the re investment in the host nations. Some multinationals also impose their cultures in the people of the host country. To avoid all this state should interfere with all the consumer protection laws, unfair competition, laws for employee protection, environment protection and also of location of industry.5.2 Discussion and implicationApart from these things when foreign investment come s into the country so then means that new opportunities could be created for many other firms too like they supply components and other things to the companies who are operating over here and has invested which will generate more employment and income for the citizens. Local firms can also be motivated to bring their quality up to the international standards as if they are supplying components to the multinationals. This thing will improve their productivity and it is good for the country so foreign direct investment is very beneficial.Foreign direct investment will bring in investments and hot inflow of money and capital along with the tax revenues for the government even after some exemptions. Companies or individuals who operate in your country after investment will pay some taxes to the government too. Government can re invest those revenues in other sectors for the welfare of the general public like in health or education sectors etc.5.3 Future researchFor future research, ther e are many advantages of high GDP rate like people can have more goods and services to consume it will raise their living standards, secondly excess goods can be exported to outside countries so that foreign exchange can be earn through it. Higher GDP will give good image to the country in terms of many things more and more foreign investors will come with their investments. People will be earning more so they can afford more other goods to purchase and secondly more incomes means more taxation for the government which it can spend on many other projects like schooling, health, defense, crime control etc. growth should result in improved standards of living in the country and higher profitability for the business.